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Continuous soil CO2 and discrete plume SO2 measurements at Mt. Etna (Italy) during 1997-2000: a contribution to volcano monitoring
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
66(2004)
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Pages (printed)
80-89
Issued date
2004
Alternative Location
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of soil CO2 dynamic
concentration (which is proportional to the CO2 flux through the soil) was carried out at a peripheral site of Mt. Etna during the period November 1997 - September 2000 using an automated station. The acquired data were compared with SO2 flux from the summit craters measured two to three times a week during the same period. The high frequency of data acquisition with both
methods allowed us to analyze in detail the time
variations of both parameters. Anomalous high values of soil CO2 dynamic concentration always preceded periods of increased flux of plume SO2, and these in turn were followed by periods of summit eruptions. The variations were modeled in terms of gas efflux increase due to magma ascent to shallow depth and its consequent depressurization and degassing. This model is supported by data from other geophysical and volcanological parameters. The rates of increase both of soil CO2 dynamic concentration and of plume SO2 flux are interpreted to be positively correlated both to the velocity of magma ascent within the volcano and to lava effusion rate once magma is erupted at the surface. Low rates of
the increase were recorded before the nine-month-long 1999 subterminal eruption. Higher rates of increase were observed before the violent summit eruption of September-November 1999, and the highest rates were observed during shorter and very frequent spike-like anomalies that
preceded the sequence of short-lived but very violent summit eruptions that started in late January 2000 and continued until late June of the same year. Furthermore, the time interval between the peaks of CO2 and SO2 in a single sequence of gas anomalies is likely to be controlled by magma ascent velocity.
concentration (which is proportional to the CO2 flux through the soil) was carried out at a peripheral site of Mt. Etna during the period November 1997 - September 2000 using an automated station. The acquired data were compared with SO2 flux from the summit craters measured two to three times a week during the same period. The high frequency of data acquisition with both
methods allowed us to analyze in detail the time
variations of both parameters. Anomalous high values of soil CO2 dynamic concentration always preceded periods of increased flux of plume SO2, and these in turn were followed by periods of summit eruptions. The variations were modeled in terms of gas efflux increase due to magma ascent to shallow depth and its consequent depressurization and degassing. This model is supported by data from other geophysical and volcanological parameters. The rates of increase both of soil CO2 dynamic concentration and of plume SO2 flux are interpreted to be positively correlated both to the velocity of magma ascent within the volcano and to lava effusion rate once magma is erupted at the surface. Low rates of
the increase were recorded before the nine-month-long 1999 subterminal eruption. Higher rates of increase were observed before the violent summit eruption of September-November 1999, and the highest rates were observed during shorter and very frequent spike-like anomalies that
preceded the sequence of short-lived but very violent summit eruptions that started in late January 2000 and continued until late June of the same year. Furthermore, the time interval between the peaks of CO2 and SO2 in a single sequence of gas anomalies is likely to be controlled by magma ascent velocity.
Sponsors
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche of Italy (C.N.R.)Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia.
References
Allard P, Carbonelle J, Dajlevic D, Le Bronec J, Morel P, Robe MC, Maurenas JM, Faivre-Pierret R, Martin D, Sabroux JC,Zettwoog P (1991) Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature 35:387-391
Allard P (1997) Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount Etna. Geophys Res Lett 24:2219-2222.
Alparone S, Pellicori O, Ursino A, Ferrucci F, Gresta S, Guerra I (1994) Shallow microseismic swarm and intrusive mechanism at Mount Etna: 1989Â 1991. Acta Vulcanol 4:75-79
Anz S, Badalamenti B, Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Nuccio PM,Valenza M (1993) Preliminary study on emanation of CO2 from soils in some areas of Mount Etna (Sicily). Acta Vulcanol 3:189-193
Aubert M, Baubron J-C (1988) Identification of a hidden thermal fissure in a volcanic terrain using a combination of hydrothermal convection indicators and soil-atmosphere analysis. J
Volcanol Geotherm Res 35:217-225
Bonaccorso A (1996) Dynamic inversion of ground deformation data for modelling volcanic sources (Etna 1991-1993). Geophys Res Lett 23:451-454
Bonaccorso A, Velardita R, Villari L (1994) Ground deformation modelling of geodynamic activity associated with the 1991-1993 Etna eruption. Acta Vulcanol 4:87-96
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Grasso MF, Porto M, Romano R (1994)SO2 flux from Mt. Etna during the 1991Â 1993 eruption: correlations and considerations. Acta Vulcanol 4:143-147
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Romano R (1999) SO2 emissions at Mt. Etna with particular reference to the period 1993-1995. Bull Volcanol 60:405-411
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Giammanco S, Romano R (2001)Degassing of SO2 and CO2 at Mount Etna (Sicily) as indicator of pre-eruptive ascent and shallow emplacement of magma. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 110:137-153
Budetta G, Carbone D, Greco F (1999) Subsurface mass redistributions at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 1995-1996 explosive activity detected by microgravity studies. Geophys J Int 138:77-88
Caltabiano T, Romano R (1988) Messa a punto di metodologie di misura con apparecchiatura COSPEC del flusso di SO2 da vulcani attivi italiani (in Italian with English abstract). Boll GNV 4:133-145
Caltabiano T, Romano R, Budetta G (1994) SO2 flux measurements at Mount Etna. J Geophys Res 99:12809-12819
Calvari S, Pinkerton H (2002) Instabilities in the summit region of Mount Etna during the 1999 eruption. Bull Volcanol 63:526-535
Calvari S, Neri M, Pinkerton H (2002) Effusion rate estimations during the 1999 summit eruption on Mount Etna, and growth of two distinct lava flow fields. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 119:107-123
Carapezza ML, Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Hauser S, Nuccio PM,Parello F, Valenza M (1990) Soil gas geochemistry: CO2. In: Barberi F, Bertagnini M, Landi P (eds) Mt. Etna: the 1989 eruption. Giardini, Pisa, pp 62-64
Cardaci C, Coviello M, Lombardo G, Patan G, Scarpa R (1993)Seismic tomography of Etna volcano. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 56:357-368
Carroll MR, Webster JD (1994) Solubilities of sulfur, noble gases, chlorine, and fluorine in magmas. In: Carroll MR, Holloway JR (eds) Volatiles in magmas. Mineral Society of America,
Washington, DC, pp 231-279
Chiodini G, Cioni R, Guidi M, Marini L, Raco B (1998) Soil CO2 measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl Geochem 13:543-552
Clocchiatti R, Weisz J, Mosbah M, Tanguy JC (1992) Coexistence de "verres" alcalins et tholéiitiques saturés en CO2 dans les
olivines des hyaloclastites d'Aci Castello (Etna, Sicile, Italie). Arguments en faveur d un manteau anormal et d'un réservoir profond. Acta Vulcanol 2:161-173
Condomines M, Tanguy JC, Michaud V (1995) Magma dynamics at Mt. Etna: constraints from U-Th-Ra-Pb radioactive disequilibria and Sr isotopes in historical lavas. Earth Planet Sci Lett
132:25-41
DÂ Alessandro W, Giammanco S, Parello F, Valenza M (1997) CO2 output and d13C(CO2) from Mount Etna as indicators of degassing of shallow asthenosphere. Bull Volcanol 58:455-458
Gerlach TM (1991) Etna's greenhouse pump. Nature 315:532-353
Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1995) Soil CO2 degassing on Mt. Etna (Sicily) during the period 1989-1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences. Bull Volcanol
57:52-60
Giammanco S, Inguaggiato S, Valenza M (1998a) Soil and fumarole gases of Mount Etna: Geochemistry and relations with volcanic activity. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 81:297-310
Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1998b) Anomalous soil CO2 degassing in relation to faults and eruptive fissures on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Bull Volcanol 60:252-259
Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1988) Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend Soc Ital Miner Petrogr
43:1151-1158
Harris AJL, Neri M (2002) Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow chamber or pulsed supply? J Volcanol Geotherm Res 116:79-95
Harris DM, Rose WI (1996) Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions, crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses, theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens. Bull Volcanol 58:163-174
Hernandez PA, Pérez NM, Salazar JM, Nakai S, Notsu K, Wakita H (1998) Diffuse emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and helium-3 from Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Geophys Res Lett 25:3311-3314
Hirn A, Nicolich R, Gallart J, Laigle M, Cernobori L, ETNASEIS Scientific Group (1997) Roots of Etna volcano in faults of great
earthquakes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148:171-191
INGV-CT (Research staff of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania, Italy) (2001) Multidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption. EOS,82:653-656
La Delfa S, Patané G, Clocchiatti R, Joron J-L, Tanguy J-C (2001)Activity of Mount Etna preceding the February 1999 fissure eruption: inferred mechanism from seismological and geochemical
data. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 105:121-139
La Volpe L, Manetti P, Trigila R, Villari L (1999) Volcanology and chemistry of the Earth's interior: Italian research activity (1995-1998) report to IAVCEI. Boll Geofis Teor Appl 40(2):163-298
Le Guern F (1973) The collection and analysis of volcanic gases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274:129-135
Malinconico LL (1979) Fluctuations in SO2 emission during recent eruptions of Etna. Nature 278:43-45
Malinconico LL (1987) On the variation of SO2 emission from volcanoes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 33:231-237
McDermitt DK, Welles JM, Eckles RD (1993) Effects of temperature,pressure and water vapor on gas phase infrared absorption by CO2. LI-COR Technical Publication 116, LI-COR Inc.,
Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, pp 1-5
Métrich N, Clocchiatti R (1989) Melt inclusion investigation of the volatile behaviour in historic alkaline magmas of Etna. Bull
Volcanol 51:185-198
M trich N, Clocchiatti R, Mosbah M, Chaussidon M (1993) The 1989-1990 activity of Etna magma mingling and ascent of H2O-Cl-S-rich basaltic magma. Evidence from melt inclusions.
J Volcanol Geotherm Res 59:131-144
Murray JB (1990) High-level magma transport at Mount Etna volcano, as deduced from ground deformation measurements. In: Ryan MP (ed) Magma transport and storage. Wiley, New York, pp 357-383
Murru M, Montuori C, Wyss M, Privitera E (1999) The location of magma chambers at Mt. Etna, Italy, mapped by b-values. Geophys Res Lett 26:2553-2556
Pan V, Holloway JR, Hervig RL (1991) The pressure and temperature dependence of carbon dioxide solubility in tholeiitic basalt melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:1587-1595
Rasà R, Ferrucci F, Gresta S, Patané D (1995) Etna: sistema di alimentazione profondo, assetto geostatico locale e bimodalità di funzionamento del vulcano. In: Ferrucci F, Innocenti F (eds)
Progetto-Etna 1993-1995. Giardini, Pisa, pp 145-150
Rogie JD, Kerrick DM, Sorey ML, Chiodini G, Galloway DL (2001) Dynamics of carbon dioxide emission at Mammoth Mountain, California. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:535-541
Sharp ADL, Davis PM, Gray F (1980) A low velocity zone beneath Mount Etna and magma storage. Nature 287:587-591
Tanguy J-C, Condomines M, Kieffer G (1997) Evolution of the Mount Etna magma: Constraints on the present feeding system and eruptive mechanism. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 75:221-250
Tennant CB, White ML (1959) Study of the distribution of some geochemical data. Econ Geol 54:538-550
Williams SN, Schaefer SJ, Calvache ML, Lopez D (1992) Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1765-1770
Allard P (1997) Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount Etna. Geophys Res Lett 24:2219-2222.
Alparone S, Pellicori O, Ursino A, Ferrucci F, Gresta S, Guerra I (1994) Shallow microseismic swarm and intrusive mechanism at Mount Etna: 1989Â 1991. Acta Vulcanol 4:75-79
Anz S, Badalamenti B, Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Nuccio PM,Valenza M (1993) Preliminary study on emanation of CO2 from soils in some areas of Mount Etna (Sicily). Acta Vulcanol 3:189-193
Aubert M, Baubron J-C (1988) Identification of a hidden thermal fissure in a volcanic terrain using a combination of hydrothermal convection indicators and soil-atmosphere analysis. J
Volcanol Geotherm Res 35:217-225
Bonaccorso A (1996) Dynamic inversion of ground deformation data for modelling volcanic sources (Etna 1991-1993). Geophys Res Lett 23:451-454
Bonaccorso A, Velardita R, Villari L (1994) Ground deformation modelling of geodynamic activity associated with the 1991-1993 Etna eruption. Acta Vulcanol 4:87-96
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Grasso MF, Porto M, Romano R (1994)SO2 flux from Mt. Etna during the 1991Â 1993 eruption: correlations and considerations. Acta Vulcanol 4:143-147
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Romano R (1999) SO2 emissions at Mt. Etna with particular reference to the period 1993-1995. Bull Volcanol 60:405-411
Bruno N, Caltabiano T, Giammanco S, Romano R (2001)Degassing of SO2 and CO2 at Mount Etna (Sicily) as indicator of pre-eruptive ascent and shallow emplacement of magma. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 110:137-153
Budetta G, Carbone D, Greco F (1999) Subsurface mass redistributions at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 1995-1996 explosive activity detected by microgravity studies. Geophys J Int 138:77-88
Caltabiano T, Romano R (1988) Messa a punto di metodologie di misura con apparecchiatura COSPEC del flusso di SO2 da vulcani attivi italiani (in Italian with English abstract). Boll GNV 4:133-145
Caltabiano T, Romano R, Budetta G (1994) SO2 flux measurements at Mount Etna. J Geophys Res 99:12809-12819
Calvari S, Pinkerton H (2002) Instabilities in the summit region of Mount Etna during the 1999 eruption. Bull Volcanol 63:526-535
Calvari S, Neri M, Pinkerton H (2002) Effusion rate estimations during the 1999 summit eruption on Mount Etna, and growth of two distinct lava flow fields. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 119:107-123
Carapezza ML, Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Hauser S, Nuccio PM,Parello F, Valenza M (1990) Soil gas geochemistry: CO2. In: Barberi F, Bertagnini M, Landi P (eds) Mt. Etna: the 1989 eruption. Giardini, Pisa, pp 62-64
Cardaci C, Coviello M, Lombardo G, Patan G, Scarpa R (1993)Seismic tomography of Etna volcano. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 56:357-368
Carroll MR, Webster JD (1994) Solubilities of sulfur, noble gases, chlorine, and fluorine in magmas. In: Carroll MR, Holloway JR (eds) Volatiles in magmas. Mineral Society of America,
Washington, DC, pp 231-279
Chiodini G, Cioni R, Guidi M, Marini L, Raco B (1998) Soil CO2 measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl Geochem 13:543-552
Clocchiatti R, Weisz J, Mosbah M, Tanguy JC (1992) Coexistence de "verres" alcalins et tholéiitiques saturés en CO2 dans les
olivines des hyaloclastites d'Aci Castello (Etna, Sicile, Italie). Arguments en faveur d un manteau anormal et d'un réservoir profond. Acta Vulcanol 2:161-173
Condomines M, Tanguy JC, Michaud V (1995) Magma dynamics at Mt. Etna: constraints from U-Th-Ra-Pb radioactive disequilibria and Sr isotopes in historical lavas. Earth Planet Sci Lett
132:25-41
DÂ Alessandro W, Giammanco S, Parello F, Valenza M (1997) CO2 output and d13C(CO2) from Mount Etna as indicators of degassing of shallow asthenosphere. Bull Volcanol 58:455-458
Gerlach TM (1991) Etna's greenhouse pump. Nature 315:532-353
Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1995) Soil CO2 degassing on Mt. Etna (Sicily) during the period 1989-1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences. Bull Volcanol
57:52-60
Giammanco S, Inguaggiato S, Valenza M (1998a) Soil and fumarole gases of Mount Etna: Geochemistry and relations with volcanic activity. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 81:297-310
Giammanco S, Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1998b) Anomalous soil CO2 degassing in relation to faults and eruptive fissures on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Bull Volcanol 60:252-259
Gurrieri S, Valenza M (1988) Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend Soc Ital Miner Petrogr
43:1151-1158
Harris AJL, Neri M (2002) Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow chamber or pulsed supply? J Volcanol Geotherm Res 116:79-95
Harris DM, Rose WI (1996) Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions, crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses, theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens. Bull Volcanol 58:163-174
Hernandez PA, Pérez NM, Salazar JM, Nakai S, Notsu K, Wakita H (1998) Diffuse emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and helium-3 from Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Geophys Res Lett 25:3311-3314
Hirn A, Nicolich R, Gallart J, Laigle M, Cernobori L, ETNASEIS Scientific Group (1997) Roots of Etna volcano in faults of great
earthquakes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148:171-191
INGV-CT (Research staff of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania, Italy) (2001) Multidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption. EOS,82:653-656
La Delfa S, Patané G, Clocchiatti R, Joron J-L, Tanguy J-C (2001)Activity of Mount Etna preceding the February 1999 fissure eruption: inferred mechanism from seismological and geochemical
data. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 105:121-139
La Volpe L, Manetti P, Trigila R, Villari L (1999) Volcanology and chemistry of the Earth's interior: Italian research activity (1995-1998) report to IAVCEI. Boll Geofis Teor Appl 40(2):163-298
Le Guern F (1973) The collection and analysis of volcanic gases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 274:129-135
Malinconico LL (1979) Fluctuations in SO2 emission during recent eruptions of Etna. Nature 278:43-45
Malinconico LL (1987) On the variation of SO2 emission from volcanoes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 33:231-237
McDermitt DK, Welles JM, Eckles RD (1993) Effects of temperature,pressure and water vapor on gas phase infrared absorption by CO2. LI-COR Technical Publication 116, LI-COR Inc.,
Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, pp 1-5
Métrich N, Clocchiatti R (1989) Melt inclusion investigation of the volatile behaviour in historic alkaline magmas of Etna. Bull
Volcanol 51:185-198
M trich N, Clocchiatti R, Mosbah M, Chaussidon M (1993) The 1989-1990 activity of Etna magma mingling and ascent of H2O-Cl-S-rich basaltic magma. Evidence from melt inclusions.
J Volcanol Geotherm Res 59:131-144
Murray JB (1990) High-level magma transport at Mount Etna volcano, as deduced from ground deformation measurements. In: Ryan MP (ed) Magma transport and storage. Wiley, New York, pp 357-383
Murru M, Montuori C, Wyss M, Privitera E (1999) The location of magma chambers at Mt. Etna, Italy, mapped by b-values. Geophys Res Lett 26:2553-2556
Pan V, Holloway JR, Hervig RL (1991) The pressure and temperature dependence of carbon dioxide solubility in tholeiitic basalt melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:1587-1595
Rasà R, Ferrucci F, Gresta S, Patané D (1995) Etna: sistema di alimentazione profondo, assetto geostatico locale e bimodalità di funzionamento del vulcano. In: Ferrucci F, Innocenti F (eds)
Progetto-Etna 1993-1995. Giardini, Pisa, pp 145-150
Rogie JD, Kerrick DM, Sorey ML, Chiodini G, Galloway DL (2001) Dynamics of carbon dioxide emission at Mammoth Mountain, California. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:535-541
Sharp ADL, Davis PM, Gray F (1980) A low velocity zone beneath Mount Etna and magma storage. Nature 287:587-591
Tanguy J-C, Condomines M, Kieffer G (1997) Evolution of the Mount Etna magma: Constraints on the present feeding system and eruptive mechanism. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 75:221-250
Tennant CB, White ML (1959) Study of the distribution of some geochemical data. Econ Geol 54:538-550
Williams SN, Schaefer SJ, Calvache ML, Lopez D (1992) Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1765-1770
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