Options
Natural and man-made terrestrial electromagnetic noise: an outlook
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/50 (2007)
Publisher
Editrice Compositori
Pages (printed)
435-445
Issued date
June 2007
Keywords
Abstract
The terrestrial environment is continuously exposed to electromagnetic radiations which set up a «background»
electromagnetic noise. Within the Non Ionizing Radiation band (NIR), i.e. for frequencies lower than 300 GHz,
this background can have a natural or an artificial origin. Natural origins of electromagnetic radiations are generally
atmospheric or cosmic while artificial origins are technological applications, power transmission, communications,
etc. This paper briefly describes the natural and man-made electromagnetic noise in the NIR band.
Natural noise comes from a large variety of sources involving different physical phenomena and covering a wide
range of frequencies and showing various propagation characteristics with an extremely broad range of power
levels. Due to technological growth man-made electromagnetic noise is nowadays superimposed on natural
noise almost everywhere on Earth. In the last decades man-made noise has increased dramatically over and
above the natural noise in residential and business areas. This increase has led some scientists to consider possible
negative effects of electromagnetic waves on human life and living systems in general. Accurate measurements
of natural and man-made electromagnetic noise are necessary to understand the relative power levels in
the different bands and their influence on life.
electromagnetic noise. Within the Non Ionizing Radiation band (NIR), i.e. for frequencies lower than 300 GHz,
this background can have a natural or an artificial origin. Natural origins of electromagnetic radiations are generally
atmospheric or cosmic while artificial origins are technological applications, power transmission, communications,
etc. This paper briefly describes the natural and man-made electromagnetic noise in the NIR band.
Natural noise comes from a large variety of sources involving different physical phenomena and covering a wide
range of frequencies and showing various propagation characteristics with an extremely broad range of power
levels. Due to technological growth man-made electromagnetic noise is nowadays superimposed on natural
noise almost everywhere on Earth. In the last decades man-made noise has increased dramatically over and
above the natural noise in residential and business areas. This increase has led some scientists to consider possible
negative effects of electromagnetic waves on human life and living systems in general. Accurate measurements
of natural and man-made electromagnetic noise are necessary to understand the relative power levels in
the different bands and their influence on life.
References
BLIOKH, P.V., A.P. NIKOLAENKO and Y.F. FILIPPOV (1980):
Schumann Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity
(Peter Peregrinus, London).
BUDDEN, K.G. (1985): The Propagation of Radio Wave
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.), 438-
479.
CCIR/ITU (1964):World distribution and characteristics of
atmospheric radio noise, Rep. 322, Int. Radio Consultative
Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva,
Switzerland.
CCIR/ITU (1988): Characteristics and applications of atmospheric
radio noise data, Rep. 322-3, Int. Radio
Consultative Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva,
Switzerland.
CCIR/ITU (1990): Man-made radio noise, Rep. 258-5, Int.
Radio Consultative Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union,
Geneva, Switzerland.
CUMMER, S.A. and U.S. INAN (2000): Modeling ELF radio atmospheric
propagation and extracting lightning currents
from ELF observations, Radio Sci., 35 (2), 385-394.
DAVIES, K. (1990): Ionospheric Radio (Peter Peregrinus
Ltd., London, U.K.), IEE Electromagnetic Waves Ser.
31, pp. 580.
FIEVE, S., P. PORTALA and L. BERTEL (2007): A new VLF/LF
atmospheric noise model, Radio Sci., 42, RS3009, doi:
10.1029/2006RS003513.
GREIFINGER, P.S., V.C. MUSHTAK and E.R. WILLIAMS
(2007): On modeling the lower characteristic ELF altitude
from aeronomical data, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S12,
doi: 10.1029/2006RS003500.
HELLIWELL, R.A (1965): Whistlers and Related Ionospheric
Phenomena (Stanford University Press, California,HUGHES,W.J. (1994): Magnetospheric ULF waves: a tutorial
with a historical perspective, in Solar Wind Sources
of Magnetospheric Ultralow-Frequency Waves, edited
by M.J. ENGEBRETSON, K. TAKAHASHI and M. SCHOLAR,
Geophysical Monogr., 81, 1-12.
KIMURA, I. (1989): Ray paths of Electromagnetic waves in
the Earth and planetary magnetospheres, Am. Geophys.
Un., Geophys. Monogr., 53, 161-171.
KIVELSON, M. and C.T. RUSSELL (1995): Introduction to
Space Physics (Cambridge University Press), pp. 568.
KRAUS, J.D. (1988): Antennas (McGraw Hill, N.Y.), pp. 892.
LANZEROTTI, L.J., C.G. MACLENNAN and A.C. FRASER-SMITH
(1990): Background magnetic spectra: ~10−5 to ~105 Hz,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1593-1596.
MERRILL, R.T., M.W. MCELHINNY and P.L. MCFADDEN
(1998): The Magnetic Field of the Earth (Academic
Press), pp. 549.
MIKA, A., C. HALDOUPIS, R.A. MARSHALL, T. NEUBERT and
U.S. INAN (2005): Subionospheric VLF signatures and
their association with sprites observed during EuroSprite-
2003, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 67, 1580-
1597.
RICHMOND, A.D. and G. LU (2000): Upper-atmospheric effects
of magnetic storms: a brief tutorial, J. Atmos. Solar-
Terr. Phys., 62 (12), 1115-1127.
SENTMAN, D.D. (1987): Magnetic polarization of Schumann
resonances, Radio Sci., 22, 595-606.
SENTMAN, D.D. and B.J. FRASER (1991): Simultaneous observations
of Schumann resonances in California and
Australia: evidence for intensity modulation by the local
height of the D-region, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15973-
15984.
STEWART, B. (1861): On the great magnetic disturbance
which extended from August 28 to September 7, 1859,
as recorded by photography at the Kew Observatory,
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 151, 423-430.
SWANSON, E.R. (1983): Omega, Proc. IEEE, 71, 1140-1155.
TOMCO, A.A. and T. HEPNER (2001):Worldwide monitoring
of VLF/LF propagation and atmospheric noise, Radio
Sci., 36, 363-369.
WAIT, J.R. (1970): Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media
(Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.).
Schumann Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity
(Peter Peregrinus, London).
BUDDEN, K.G. (1985): The Propagation of Radio Wave
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.), 438-
479.
CCIR/ITU (1964):World distribution and characteristics of
atmospheric radio noise, Rep. 322, Int. Radio Consultative
Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva,
Switzerland.
CCIR/ITU (1988): Characteristics and applications of atmospheric
radio noise data, Rep. 322-3, Int. Radio
Consultative Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union, Geneva,
Switzerland.
CCIR/ITU (1990): Man-made radio noise, Rep. 258-5, Int.
Radio Consultative Comm., Int. Telecommun. Union,
Geneva, Switzerland.
CUMMER, S.A. and U.S. INAN (2000): Modeling ELF radio atmospheric
propagation and extracting lightning currents
from ELF observations, Radio Sci., 35 (2), 385-394.
DAVIES, K. (1990): Ionospheric Radio (Peter Peregrinus
Ltd., London, U.K.), IEE Electromagnetic Waves Ser.
31, pp. 580.
FIEVE, S., P. PORTALA and L. BERTEL (2007): A new VLF/LF
atmospheric noise model, Radio Sci., 42, RS3009, doi:
10.1029/2006RS003513.
GREIFINGER, P.S., V.C. MUSHTAK and E.R. WILLIAMS
(2007): On modeling the lower characteristic ELF altitude
from aeronomical data, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S12,
doi: 10.1029/2006RS003500.
HELLIWELL, R.A (1965): Whistlers and Related Ionospheric
Phenomena (Stanford University Press, California,HUGHES,W.J. (1994): Magnetospheric ULF waves: a tutorial
with a historical perspective, in Solar Wind Sources
of Magnetospheric Ultralow-Frequency Waves, edited
by M.J. ENGEBRETSON, K. TAKAHASHI and M. SCHOLAR,
Geophysical Monogr., 81, 1-12.
KIMURA, I. (1989): Ray paths of Electromagnetic waves in
the Earth and planetary magnetospheres, Am. Geophys.
Un., Geophys. Monogr., 53, 161-171.
KIVELSON, M. and C.T. RUSSELL (1995): Introduction to
Space Physics (Cambridge University Press), pp. 568.
KRAUS, J.D. (1988): Antennas (McGraw Hill, N.Y.), pp. 892.
LANZEROTTI, L.J., C.G. MACLENNAN and A.C. FRASER-SMITH
(1990): Background magnetic spectra: ~10−5 to ~105 Hz,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1593-1596.
MERRILL, R.T., M.W. MCELHINNY and P.L. MCFADDEN
(1998): The Magnetic Field of the Earth (Academic
Press), pp. 549.
MIKA, A., C. HALDOUPIS, R.A. MARSHALL, T. NEUBERT and
U.S. INAN (2005): Subionospheric VLF signatures and
their association with sprites observed during EuroSprite-
2003, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 67, 1580-
1597.
RICHMOND, A.D. and G. LU (2000): Upper-atmospheric effects
of magnetic storms: a brief tutorial, J. Atmos. Solar-
Terr. Phys., 62 (12), 1115-1127.
SENTMAN, D.D. (1987): Magnetic polarization of Schumann
resonances, Radio Sci., 22, 595-606.
SENTMAN, D.D. and B.J. FRASER (1991): Simultaneous observations
of Schumann resonances in California and
Australia: evidence for intensity modulation by the local
height of the D-region, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15973-
15984.
STEWART, B. (1861): On the great magnetic disturbance
which extended from August 28 to September 7, 1859,
as recorded by photography at the Kew Observatory,
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 151, 423-430.
SWANSON, E.R. (1983): Omega, Proc. IEEE, 71, 1140-1155.
TOMCO, A.A. and T. HEPNER (2001):Worldwide monitoring
of VLF/LF propagation and atmospheric noise, Radio
Sci., 36, 363-369.
WAIT, J.R. (1970): Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media
(Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.).
Type
article
File(s)
Loading...
Name
11bianchi.pdf
Size
614.29 KB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
68f89be3048e389058b6e3b48d7cfb3b