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Simultaneous ionospheric E- and F-layer perturbations caused by some major earthquakes in India
Issued date
February 2007
Issue/vol(year)
1/50 (2007)
Language
English
Abstract
The variation in nighttime ionospheric E- and F-region critical frequencies (foEs and foF2) is examined for the
months of August 1988, September 1993 and May 1997 in which major earthquakes (6<M<6.6) occurred in Indian
seismic zones of Bihar-Nepal border, Latur in West India, and Jabalpur in Central India. The ionospheric
data are obtained from Ahmedabad (latitude 23.01°N, longitude 72.36°E). The percent deviations of foF2 and
foEs from their monthly median are determined for pre-midnight (18:00-00:00 h LT) and post-midnight (00:00-
06:00 h LT) periods and studied over a span of 20 days before the occurrence of earthquakes. The results show
that foF2 are reduced in both the time sectors prior to the occurrence of main shocks. In pre-midnight sector the
reduction is between 24 and 30%, 0 to 4 days before the main shocks and in the post-midnight sector it is between
18 and 26%, 1 to 15 days before the main shocks. The foEs show enhancements by 100 to 155% during
the same periods. The effects of magnetic storms (Kp and Dst variations) on the data are identified clearly but
they do not vitiate the effects of earthquakes. The earthquake related anomalies are interpreted in terms of electromagnetic
coupling between the lithosphere and ionosphere during earthquakes preparation processes.
months of August 1988, September 1993 and May 1997 in which major earthquakes (6<M<6.6) occurred in Indian
seismic zones of Bihar-Nepal border, Latur in West India, and Jabalpur in Central India. The ionospheric
data are obtained from Ahmedabad (latitude 23.01°N, longitude 72.36°E). The percent deviations of foF2 and
foEs from their monthly median are determined for pre-midnight (18:00-00:00 h LT) and post-midnight (00:00-
06:00 h LT) periods and studied over a span of 20 days before the occurrence of earthquakes. The results show
that foF2 are reduced in both the time sectors prior to the occurrence of main shocks. In pre-midnight sector the
reduction is between 24 and 30%, 0 to 4 days before the main shocks and in the post-midnight sector it is between
18 and 26%, 1 to 15 days before the main shocks. The foEs show enhancements by 100 to 155% during
the same periods. The effects of magnetic storms (Kp and Dst variations) on the data are identified clearly but
they do not vitiate the effects of earthquakes. The earthquake related anomalies are interpreted in terms of electromagnetic
coupling between the lithosphere and ionosphere during earthquakes preparation processes.
References
CHUO, Y.J., J.Y. LIU, S.A. PULINETS and Y.I. CHEN (2002):
The ionospheric perturbations prior to the Chi-Chi and
Chia Yi earthquakes, J. Geodyn., 33, 509-517.
DAVIES, K. and D.M. BAKER (1965): Ionospheric effects observed
around the time of the Alaskan earthquake of
March 28, 1964, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2251-2263.
DEVI, M., M.K. BARMAN, A.K. BARBARA and M. DEPUEVA
(2001): Total electron content near anomaly crest as
precursor of earthquake, Ind. J. Radio Space Phys., 30,
209-213.
DEVI, M., A.K. BARBARA and A. DEPUEVA (2004): Association
of Total Electron Content (TEC) and foF2 variations
with earthquake events at the anomaly crest region,
Ann. Geophysics, 47 (1), 83-91.
GOKHBERG, M.B., L.E. KOLOCOLOV, V.A. LIPEROVSKI, O.A.
POKHOTELOV, A.M. BULOSHNIKOV, A.V. MARAKHOVSKI
and E.V. LIPEROVSKAYA (2002): Manifestation of the
strong earthquakes preparing effects in the sporadic
Es layers on different latitudes, Preprint IZMIRAN
(Moskow), 1 (1988).
JAIN, S.K. and B. SINGH (1977): Vertical motions of the lowand
equatorial-latitude F2 layers during prolonged and
isolated magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 723-726.
JAIN, S.K., D.P. SINGH and B. SINGH (1979): Effect of magnetic
storms on the low latitude F-layer, Ind. J. Radio
Space Phys., 8, 20-23.
KIM, V.P. and V.P. HEGAI (1999): A possible presage of
strong earthquakes in the nighttime mid latitudes F2 region
ionosphere, in Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic
Phenomena Associated with Earthquake,
edited by M. HAYAKAWA (Terra Scientific Publishing
Co., Tokyo), 619-627.
LAKSHMI, D.R., B.M. REDDY and S. SASTRI (1983): A prediction
model for equatorial low latitude HF communication
parameters during magnetic disturbances, Ind. J.
Radio Space Phys., 12, 1-18.
LAKSHMI, D.R., B. VEENADHARI, R.S. DABAS and B.M. REDDY
(1997): Sudden post-midnight decreases in equatorial
in F-region electron densities associated with severe
magnetic storms, Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 306-313.
LIPEROVSKI, V.A., O.A. POKHOTELOV and S.L. SHALIMOV
(1992): Ionospheric Precursors of the Earthquakes (Nauka
Publ., Moscow), pp. 304.
LIU, J.Y.,Y.I. CHEN, S.A. PULINETS,Y.B. TSAI and Y.J. CHUO
(2000): Seismo ionospheric signature prior to M≥6.0
Taiwan earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 27, 3113-3116.
LIU, J.Y., Y.I.CHEN, Y.J. CHUO and H.F. TSAI (2001): Variations
of ionospheric total electron content during the
Chi-Chi earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 28, 1383-1386.
OGAWA, T., O. TAKAHASHI, Y. OTSUKA, K. NOZAKI, M. YAMAMOTO
and K. KITA (2002): Simultaneous middle and
upper atmosphere radar and ionospheric sounder observations
of mid latitude E-region irregularities and
sporadic E-layers, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A10), doi:
10.1029/2001 JA 900176.
ONDOH, T. (1999): Seismo-ionospheric effects, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena
Associated with Earthquake, edited by M. HAYAKAWA
and Y. FUJINAWA (Terra Scientific Publishing Co.,
Tokyo), 789-803.
ONDOH, T. (2000): Seismo-ionospheric phenomena, Adv.
Space. Res., 26, 1267-1272.
ONDOH, T. (2003): Anomalous sporadic E-layers observed
before M 7.2 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; Terrestrial
gas emanation model, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res.,
17, 96-108.
ONDOH, T. and M. HAYAKAWA (1999): Anomalous occurrence of sporadic E-layers before the Hyogoken-nanbu
earthquake, M 7.2 of January 17, 1995, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated
with Earthquakes, edited by M. HAYAWAKA (Terra
Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo), 629-639.
ONDOH, T. and M. HAYAKAWA (2002): Seismo discharge model
of anomalous sporadic-E ionization before great earthquakes,
in Seismo Electromagnetic: Lithosphere-Atmosphere
Coupling (Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo),
edited by M. HAYAKAWA and O.A. MOLCHANOV, 385-390.
PULINETS, S.A., A.D. LEGEN’KA, A.T. KARPACHEV, N.A. KOCHENOVA,
V.V. MIGULIN, V.N. ORVESKI and M.D. FLIGEL
(1991): On the possibility of earthquakes prediction on
the basis of topside satellite sounding, Preprint IZIMIRAN,
34a (981).
PULINETS, S.A., A.D. LEGEN’KA and V.A. ALESKEEV (1994):
Pre earthquake ionospheric effects and their possible
mechanisms, in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, Noise, and
Chaos in Space and in the Laboratory (Plenumn Press,
New York), edited by H. KIKUCHI, 545-557.
RUZHIN, YU.YA. and A.Kh. DEPUEVA (1996): Seismo precursor
in space plasma and wave anomalies, J. Atmos.
Electr., 16, 271-288.
SINGH, O.P. and B. SINGH (2004): Ionization enhancements
in sporadic E-layers prior to some major Indian earthquakes,
J. Atmos. Electr., 24, 75-87.
SINGH, B., V. KUSHWAH, O.P. SINGH, D.R. LAKSHMI and
B.M. REDDY (2004): Ionospheric perturbations caused
by some major earthquakes in India, J. Phys. Chem.
Earth, 29, 537-550.
SOROKIN, V.M. and V.M. CHMYREV (1999): The physical
model of electromagnetic and plasma response of the
ionosphere on the pre-earthquake processes, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena
Associated with Earthquake, edited by M. HAYAKAWA
(Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo), 819-828.
YOSHIMATSU, R. (1938): Abnormal variations of Earth-current
potentials accompanied ith the earthquake off the
cape of Sioya, May 23, 1938, Mem. Akioka Magn.
Obs., 1, 1-11.
The ionospheric perturbations prior to the Chi-Chi and
Chia Yi earthquakes, J. Geodyn., 33, 509-517.
DAVIES, K. and D.M. BAKER (1965): Ionospheric effects observed
around the time of the Alaskan earthquake of
March 28, 1964, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2251-2263.
DEVI, M., M.K. BARMAN, A.K. BARBARA and M. DEPUEVA
(2001): Total electron content near anomaly crest as
precursor of earthquake, Ind. J. Radio Space Phys., 30,
209-213.
DEVI, M., A.K. BARBARA and A. DEPUEVA (2004): Association
of Total Electron Content (TEC) and foF2 variations
with earthquake events at the anomaly crest region,
Ann. Geophysics, 47 (1), 83-91.
GOKHBERG, M.B., L.E. KOLOCOLOV, V.A. LIPEROVSKI, O.A.
POKHOTELOV, A.M. BULOSHNIKOV, A.V. MARAKHOVSKI
and E.V. LIPEROVSKAYA (2002): Manifestation of the
strong earthquakes preparing effects in the sporadic
Es layers on different latitudes, Preprint IZMIRAN
(Moskow), 1 (1988).
JAIN, S.K. and B. SINGH (1977): Vertical motions of the lowand
equatorial-latitude F2 layers during prolonged and
isolated magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 723-726.
JAIN, S.K., D.P. SINGH and B. SINGH (1979): Effect of magnetic
storms on the low latitude F-layer, Ind. J. Radio
Space Phys., 8, 20-23.
KIM, V.P. and V.P. HEGAI (1999): A possible presage of
strong earthquakes in the nighttime mid latitudes F2 region
ionosphere, in Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic
Phenomena Associated with Earthquake,
edited by M. HAYAKAWA (Terra Scientific Publishing
Co., Tokyo), 619-627.
LAKSHMI, D.R., B.M. REDDY and S. SASTRI (1983): A prediction
model for equatorial low latitude HF communication
parameters during magnetic disturbances, Ind. J.
Radio Space Phys., 12, 1-18.
LAKSHMI, D.R., B. VEENADHARI, R.S. DABAS and B.M. REDDY
(1997): Sudden post-midnight decreases in equatorial
in F-region electron densities associated with severe
magnetic storms, Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 306-313.
LIPEROVSKI, V.A., O.A. POKHOTELOV and S.L. SHALIMOV
(1992): Ionospheric Precursors of the Earthquakes (Nauka
Publ., Moscow), pp. 304.
LIU, J.Y.,Y.I. CHEN, S.A. PULINETS,Y.B. TSAI and Y.J. CHUO
(2000): Seismo ionospheric signature prior to M≥6.0
Taiwan earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 27, 3113-3116.
LIU, J.Y., Y.I.CHEN, Y.J. CHUO and H.F. TSAI (2001): Variations
of ionospheric total electron content during the
Chi-Chi earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 28, 1383-1386.
OGAWA, T., O. TAKAHASHI, Y. OTSUKA, K. NOZAKI, M. YAMAMOTO
and K. KITA (2002): Simultaneous middle and
upper atmosphere radar and ionospheric sounder observations
of mid latitude E-region irregularities and
sporadic E-layers, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A10), doi:
10.1029/2001 JA 900176.
ONDOH, T. (1999): Seismo-ionospheric effects, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena
Associated with Earthquake, edited by M. HAYAKAWA
and Y. FUJINAWA (Terra Scientific Publishing Co.,
Tokyo), 789-803.
ONDOH, T. (2000): Seismo-ionospheric phenomena, Adv.
Space. Res., 26, 1267-1272.
ONDOH, T. (2003): Anomalous sporadic E-layers observed
before M 7.2 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; Terrestrial
gas emanation model, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res.,
17, 96-108.
ONDOH, T. and M. HAYAKAWA (1999): Anomalous occurrence of sporadic E-layers before the Hyogoken-nanbu
earthquake, M 7.2 of January 17, 1995, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated
with Earthquakes, edited by M. HAYAWAKA (Terra
Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo), 629-639.
ONDOH, T. and M. HAYAKAWA (2002): Seismo discharge model
of anomalous sporadic-E ionization before great earthquakes,
in Seismo Electromagnetic: Lithosphere-Atmosphere
Coupling (Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo),
edited by M. HAYAKAWA and O.A. MOLCHANOV, 385-390.
PULINETS, S.A., A.D. LEGEN’KA, A.T. KARPACHEV, N.A. KOCHENOVA,
V.V. MIGULIN, V.N. ORVESKI and M.D. FLIGEL
(1991): On the possibility of earthquakes prediction on
the basis of topside satellite sounding, Preprint IZIMIRAN,
34a (981).
PULINETS, S.A., A.D. LEGEN’KA and V.A. ALESKEEV (1994):
Pre earthquake ionospheric effects and their possible
mechanisms, in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, Noise, and
Chaos in Space and in the Laboratory (Plenumn Press,
New York), edited by H. KIKUCHI, 545-557.
RUZHIN, YU.YA. and A.Kh. DEPUEVA (1996): Seismo precursor
in space plasma and wave anomalies, J. Atmos.
Electr., 16, 271-288.
SINGH, O.P. and B. SINGH (2004): Ionization enhancements
in sporadic E-layers prior to some major Indian earthquakes,
J. Atmos. Electr., 24, 75-87.
SINGH, B., V. KUSHWAH, O.P. SINGH, D.R. LAKSHMI and
B.M. REDDY (2004): Ionospheric perturbations caused
by some major earthquakes in India, J. Phys. Chem.
Earth, 29, 537-550.
SOROKIN, V.M. and V.M. CHMYREV (1999): The physical
model of electromagnetic and plasma response of the
ionosphere on the pre-earthquake processes, in Atmospheric
and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena
Associated with Earthquake, edited by M. HAYAKAWA
(Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo), 819-828.
YOSHIMATSU, R. (1938): Abnormal variations of Earth-current
potentials accompanied ith the earthquake off the
cape of Sioya, May 23, 1938, Mem. Akioka Magn.
Obs., 1, 1-11.
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