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Atmospheric anomalies over Mt.Etna using GPS signal delays and tomography of radio wave velocities
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
2/50 (2007)
Publisher
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Pages (printed)
267-282
Issued date
April 2, 2007
Abstract
Due to the prominent topography of Mt. Etna, the use of satellite geodetic techniques may significantly suffer from atmospheric heterogeneities. This problem mainly affects the DInSAR technique. To overcome these drawbacks the present study attempts to make headway in measuring and interpreting atmospheric anomalies. We used the GAMIT software to obtain the ZTD (Zenith Total Delay) values for the GPS sessions performed on 1996-97, during ERS-2 passes at Mt. Etna. GAMIT software also allows to characterize the statistical behaviour of the tropospheric effects, by using residuals for each station-satellite pair, and to locate the atmospheric anomalies, present mostly at low altitudes. The attempt at using these results to produce a tomography of radio waves velocity of the troposphere suggests that the number of GPS stations used to investigate atmosphere is a critical point in such a study. The three stations are too few to invert anomalies eventually existing in the lower atmosphere. This result is a good starting point for better direct future study to verify the applicability of this tomographic technique to a geodetic network with a higher number of stations, with the aim of characterizing the lower atmosphere of Mt. Etna for a more accurate monitoring of ground deformations.
References
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BEVIS, M., S. BUSINGER, T.A. HERRING, C. ROCKEN, R.A. ANTHES, R.H. WARE (1992): GPS Meteorology: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Global Positioning System, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, no. D14, pp. 15,787-15,801.
BOCK, Y., S.A. GOUREVITCH, C.C. COUNSELMAN III, R.W. KING, R.I. ABBOT (1986): Interferometric analysis of GPS phase observation, Manuscripta Geodaetica, 11, 282-288.
BOCK, O. and E. DOERFLINGER (2001): Atmospheric Modeling in GPS Data Analysis for High Accuracy Positioning, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, no. 6-8, 373-383.
BONFORTE A., A. FERRETTI, C. PRATI, G. PUGLISI, F. ROCCA (2001): Calibration of atmospheric effects on SAR interferograms by GPS and local atmosphere models: first results, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 1343-1357.
DONG, D.N., Y. BOCK (1989): GPS network analysis with phase ambiguity resolution applied to crustal deformation studies in California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 3949-3966.
EBERHART-PHILLIPS, D. (1993): Local earthquake tomography: earthquake source regions, in: Iyer, H.M., Hirahara, K. (Eds), Seismic Tomography: Theory and Practice, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 613-643.
ESSEN, L. and K.D. FROOME (1951): The refractive indices and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24000 Mc/s, Proceedings of Physical Society, 64 (B), 862-875.
EVANS, J.R., D. EBERHART-PHILLIPS, C.H. THURBER (1994): User’s Manual for Simulps12 for imaging vp and vp/vs: a derivative of the “Thurber” tomographic inversion Simul3 for local earthquakes and explosions; U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-431.
GEORGIADOU, Y. and A. KLEUSBERG (1998): On carrier signal multipath effects in relative GPS positioning, Manuscripta Geodaetica, 13, 172-179.
GREGORIUS, T. and G. BLEWITT (1998): The effect of weather fronts on GPS measurements, GPS World.
HANSSEN, R. (1988): Atmospheric heterogeneities in ERS tandem SAR interferometry, DEOS Report, no. 98.1, Delft University Press.
HOFMANN-WELLENHOF, B., H. LICHTENEGGER and J. COLLINS (1992): Global Positioning System Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag Wien, New York, USA.
KING R.W., Y. BOCK (2000): Documentation for the GAMIT GPS Analysis Software, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Release 10.0.
NIELL, A.E. (1996): Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, no. B2, 3227-3246.
PARKINSON B.W. (1996): GPS error analysis, in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I, Parkinson, B.W. and J.J. Spilker Eds., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, D. C., pp. 469-583.
PUGLISI, G. and M. COLTELLI (2001): SAR Interferometry applications on active volcanoes: state of the art and perspectives for volcano monitoring, Il Nuovo Cimento, 24 C, N. 1.
SAASTAMOINEN, J. (1972): Atmospheric correction for the Troposphere and Stratosphere in Radio Ranging of Satellites, in: The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Geophysical Monograph Series, 15, edited by S. W. Henriksen et al., pp. 247-251, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C..
SAASTAMOINEN, J. (1972, 1973): Contribution to the Theory of Atmospheric Refraction, Bulletin Géodeésiqué, 105, Sept. 1972, 106, Dec. 1972, 107, March 1973.
SPILKER J.J. (1996): Tropospheric Effects on GPS, in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I, Parkinson, B.W. and J.J. Spilker Eds., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, D. C., pp. 517-546.
THURBER C.H. (1983): Earthquake Locations and Three-Dimensional Crustal Structure in the Coyote Lake Area, Central California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, no. B10, 8226-8236.
THURBER, C.H. (1993): Local earthquake tomography: velocities and vp/vs-theory, in: Seismic Tomography: Theory and practice, H.M. Iyer and K. Hirahara Eds., Chapman & Hall, London.
TRALLI, D.M., and LICHTEN, S.M. (1990): Stochastic estimation of tropospheric path delays in Global Positioning System geodetic measurements, Bull. Geod., 64, 127-159.
WADGE, G., P.W. WEBLEY, I.N. JAMES, R. BINGLEY, A. DODSON, S.WAUGH, T. VENEBOER, G. PUGLISI, M. MATTIA, D. BAKER, S.C. EDWARDS, S.J. EDWARDS, P.J. CLARKE (2002): Atmospheric models, GPS and InSAR measurements of the tropospheric water vapour field over Mount Etna, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, no. 19, 1905.
WEBLEY, P.W., R.M. BINGLEY, A.H. DODSON, G. WADGE, S.J. WAUGH, I.N. JAMES (2002): Atmospheric water vapour correction to InSAR surface motion measurements on mountains: results from a dense GPS network on Mount Etna, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 363-370.
WILLIAMS, S., Y. BOCH, P. FANG (1998): Integrated satellite interferometry: tropospheric noise, GPS estimates and implications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar products, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, no. B11, 27, 051-27, 067.
BENDER, P.L. and D.R. LARDEN (1985): GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution over long baselines, In Proceedings of the “First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System”, Goad C.C. Eds., Volume 1, National Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Maryland, 357-361.
BEVIS, M., S. BUSINGER, T.A. HERRING, C. ROCKEN, R.A. ANTHES, R.H. WARE (1992): GPS Meteorology: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Global Positioning System, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, no. D14, pp. 15,787-15,801.
BOCK, Y., S.A. GOUREVITCH, C.C. COUNSELMAN III, R.W. KING, R.I. ABBOT (1986): Interferometric analysis of GPS phase observation, Manuscripta Geodaetica, 11, 282-288.
BOCK, O. and E. DOERFLINGER (2001): Atmospheric Modeling in GPS Data Analysis for High Accuracy Positioning, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 26, no. 6-8, 373-383.
BONFORTE A., A. FERRETTI, C. PRATI, G. PUGLISI, F. ROCCA (2001): Calibration of atmospheric effects on SAR interferograms by GPS and local atmosphere models: first results, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 1343-1357.
DONG, D.N., Y. BOCK (1989): GPS network analysis with phase ambiguity resolution applied to crustal deformation studies in California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 3949-3966.
EBERHART-PHILLIPS, D. (1993): Local earthquake tomography: earthquake source regions, in: Iyer, H.M., Hirahara, K. (Eds), Seismic Tomography: Theory and Practice, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 613-643.
ESSEN, L. and K.D. FROOME (1951): The refractive indices and dielectric constants of air and its principal constituents at 24000 Mc/s, Proceedings of Physical Society, 64 (B), 862-875.
EVANS, J.R., D. EBERHART-PHILLIPS, C.H. THURBER (1994): User’s Manual for Simulps12 for imaging vp and vp/vs: a derivative of the “Thurber” tomographic inversion Simul3 for local earthquakes and explosions; U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-431.
GEORGIADOU, Y. and A. KLEUSBERG (1998): On carrier signal multipath effects in relative GPS positioning, Manuscripta Geodaetica, 13, 172-179.
GREGORIUS, T. and G. BLEWITT (1998): The effect of weather fronts on GPS measurements, GPS World.
HANSSEN, R. (1988): Atmospheric heterogeneities in ERS tandem SAR interferometry, DEOS Report, no. 98.1, Delft University Press.
HOFMANN-WELLENHOF, B., H. LICHTENEGGER and J. COLLINS (1992): Global Positioning System Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag Wien, New York, USA.
KING R.W., Y. BOCK (2000): Documentation for the GAMIT GPS Analysis Software, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Release 10.0.
NIELL, A.E. (1996): Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, no. B2, 3227-3246.
PARKINSON B.W. (1996): GPS error analysis, in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I, Parkinson, B.W. and J.J. Spilker Eds., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, D. C., pp. 469-583.
PUGLISI, G. and M. COLTELLI (2001): SAR Interferometry applications on active volcanoes: state of the art and perspectives for volcano monitoring, Il Nuovo Cimento, 24 C, N. 1.
SAASTAMOINEN, J. (1972): Atmospheric correction for the Troposphere and Stratosphere in Radio Ranging of Satellites, in: The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Geophysical Monograph Series, 15, edited by S. W. Henriksen et al., pp. 247-251, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C..
SAASTAMOINEN, J. (1972, 1973): Contribution to the Theory of Atmospheric Refraction, Bulletin Géodeésiqué, 105, Sept. 1972, 106, Dec. 1972, 107, March 1973.
SPILKER J.J. (1996): Tropospheric Effects on GPS, in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I, Parkinson, B.W. and J.J. Spilker Eds., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, D. C., pp. 517-546.
THURBER C.H. (1983): Earthquake Locations and Three-Dimensional Crustal Structure in the Coyote Lake Area, Central California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, no. B10, 8226-8236.
THURBER, C.H. (1993): Local earthquake tomography: velocities and vp/vs-theory, in: Seismic Tomography: Theory and practice, H.M. Iyer and K. Hirahara Eds., Chapman & Hall, London.
TRALLI, D.M., and LICHTEN, S.M. (1990): Stochastic estimation of tropospheric path delays in Global Positioning System geodetic measurements, Bull. Geod., 64, 127-159.
WADGE, G., P.W. WEBLEY, I.N. JAMES, R. BINGLEY, A. DODSON, S.WAUGH, T. VENEBOER, G. PUGLISI, M. MATTIA, D. BAKER, S.C. EDWARDS, S.J. EDWARDS, P.J. CLARKE (2002): Atmospheric models, GPS and InSAR measurements of the tropospheric water vapour field over Mount Etna, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, no. 19, 1905.
WEBLEY, P.W., R.M. BINGLEY, A.H. DODSON, G. WADGE, S.J. WAUGH, I.N. JAMES (2002): Atmospheric water vapour correction to InSAR surface motion measurements on mountains: results from a dense GPS network on Mount Etna, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 363-370.
WILLIAMS, S., Y. BOCH, P. FANG (1998): Integrated satellite interferometry: tropospheric noise, GPS estimates and implications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar products, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, no. B11, 27, 051-27, 067.
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