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Continuous in situ measurements of volcanic gases with a diode-laser-based spectrometer: CO2 and H2O concentration and soil degassing at Vulcano (Aeolian islands: Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
5 / 8 (2007)
Pages (printed)
on line only
Issued date
2007
Keywords
Abstract
We report on a continuous-measurement campaign carried out in Vulcano (Aeolian islands, Sicily), devoted to
the simultaneous monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations. The measurements were performed with an
absorption spectrometer based on a semiconductor laser source emitting around a 2-μm wavelength. The
emitted radiation was selectively absorbed by two molecular ro-vibrational transitions specific of the investigated
species. Data for CO2 and H2O concentrations, and CO2soil diffusive flux using an accumulation chamber
configuration, were collected at several interesting sampling points on the island (Porto Levante beach- PLB,
Fossa Grande Crater - FOG- and Valley of Palizzi, PAL). CO2/H2O values, measured on the ground, are very
similar (around 0.019 (± 0.006)) and comparable to the previous discrete detected values of 0.213 (Fumarole F5
-La Fossa crater rim) and 0.012 (Fumarole VFS - Baia Levante beach) obtained during the 1977-1993 heating
phase of the crater fumaroles.
In this work much more homogeneous values are found in different points of the three sites investigated.
The field work, although carried out in a limited time window (25th-28th August 2004), pointed out the new
apparatus is suitable for continuous gas monitoring of the two species and their ratios, which are important
geochemical indicators of volcanic activity, for which other reliable continuous monitoring systems are not yet
available.
the simultaneous monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations. The measurements were performed with an
absorption spectrometer based on a semiconductor laser source emitting around a 2-μm wavelength. The
emitted radiation was selectively absorbed by two molecular ro-vibrational transitions specific of the investigated
species. Data for CO2 and H2O concentrations, and CO2soil diffusive flux using an accumulation chamber
configuration, were collected at several interesting sampling points on the island (Porto Levante beach- PLB,
Fossa Grande Crater - FOG- and Valley of Palizzi, PAL). CO2/H2O values, measured on the ground, are very
similar (around 0.019 (± 0.006)) and comparable to the previous discrete detected values of 0.213 (Fumarole F5
-La Fossa crater rim) and 0.012 (Fumarole VFS - Baia Levante beach) obtained during the 1977-1993 heating
phase of the crater fumaroles.
In this work much more homogeneous values are found in different points of the three sites investigated.
The field work, although carried out in a limited time window (25th-28th August 2004), pointed out the new
apparatus is suitable for continuous gas monitoring of the two species and their ratios, which are important
geochemical indicators of volcanic activity, for which other reliable continuous monitoring systems are not yet
available.
References
1. Baubron J, Allard P, Sabroux J, Tedesco D, Toutain J: Soil gas emanations as precursory indicators of
volcanic eruptions. J.Geol. Soc. Lond. 1991, 148:571–576.
2. Notsu K, Mori T, Igarashi G, Tohjima Y, Wakita H: Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for
remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem. J. 1993, 27:361–366.
3. Nuccio P, Paonita A: Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma
depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:467–481.
4. Aiuppa A, Burton M, Mur`e F, Inguaggiato S: Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring
methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis. Res.Lett. 2004, 31:L02610.
5. Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999-2004 [http://www.ov.ingv.it].
6. Galle B, Oppenheimer C, Geyer A, McGonigle A, Edmonds M, Horrocks L: A miniaturised ultraviolet
spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J. of Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 2003, 119:241–254.
7. Elias T, Sutton AJ, Oppenheimer C, Horton KA, Garbeil H, Tsanev V, McGonigle AJS, Williams-Jones G:
Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2
measurements using scattered sunlight. Bull. Volcanol. 2006, 68:313–322.
8. Weibring P, Swartling J, Edner H, Svanberg S, Caltabiano T, Condarelli D, Cecchi G, Pantani L: Optical
monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions - comparison between four different
remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2002, 37:267–284.
9. Francis P, Burton M, Oppenheimer C: Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar
occultation spectroscopy. Nature 1998, 396:567–570.
10. Mori T, Notsu K, Tohjima Y, Wakita H, Nuccio P, Italiano F: Remote detection of fumarolic gas
chemistry at Vulcano, Italy, using an FT-IR spectral radiometer. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 1995,
134:219–224.
11. Andersen D, Farrar C: Eddy covariance measurements of CO2flux to the atmosphere from an area
of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology 2001, 177:31–42.
12. Burton M, Oppenheimer C, Harrocks L, Francis P: Remote sensing of CO2and H2Oemission rates from
Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 2000, 28:915–918.
13. Zimmer M, Erzinger J: Continuous H2O, CO2, 222Rn and temperature measurements on Merapi
Volcano, Indonesia. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 125:25–38.
14. Faber E, Mor`an C, Poggenburg J, Garzon G, Teschner M: Continuous gas monitoring at Galeras
Volcano, Colombia: first evidence. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 125:13–23.
15. Werle P, Slemr F, Maurer K, Kormann R, M¨ucke R, J¨anker B: Near- and mid-infrared laser-optical
sensors for gas analysis. Opt. Laser Eng. 2002, 37:101–114.
16. Richter D, Erdelyi M, Curl R, Tittel F, Oppenheimer C, Duffell H, Burton M: Field measurement of
volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared
spectrometers. Opt. Laser Eng. 2002, 37:171–186.
17. Gianfrani L, De Natale P, De Natale G: Remote sensing of volcanic gases with a DFB-laser-based
fiber spectrometer. Appl. Phys. B 2000, 70:467–470.
18. Gianfrani L, De Natale P: Remote measurements of volcanic gases using a diode-laser-based
spectrometer. Opt. & Phot. News 2000, 11:44.
19. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, De Biasio G, De Natale P, Cotrufo F, Gianfrani L: Quantitative diode laser
absorption spectroscopy near 2 μm with high precision measurements of CO2 concentration. Rev.
Sci. Inst. 2001, 72:4228–4233.
20. Rocco A, De Natale G, De Natale P, Gagliardi G, Gianfrani L: A diode-laser-based spectrometer for
in-situ measurements of volcanic gases. Appl. Phys. B 2003, 78:235–240.
21. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, Casa G, Gianfrani L: Chemical and isotopic analysis using diode laser
spectroscopy: applications to volcanic gas monitoring. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2002, 37:131–142.
22. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C: Origin of fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and
implications for volcanic surveillance. Bull. Vulcanol. 1995, 57:99–110.
23. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C, Raco B, Taddeucci G: Fumarolic gases geochemistry. Acta
Volcanologica. 1994, 6:43.
24. Cardellini C, Chiodini G, Frondini F, Granieri D, Lewicki J, Peruzzi L: Accumulation chamber
measurements of methane fluxeses: application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Appl.
Geochem. 2003, 18:45–54.
25. Chiodini G, Frondini F, Raco B: Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater Vulcan island (Italy.
Bull. Vulcanol. 1996, 58:41.
26. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Guidi M, Raco B, Marini L: Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and
geothermal areas. Appl. Geochem. 1998, 13:543–552.
27. Aiuppa A, Federico C, Giudice G, Gurrieri S: Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: la Fossa crater,
Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophys. Res.Lett. 2005, 32:L13309.
28. Allard P, Carbonelle J, Dajlevic D, le Bronec J, Morel P, Robe J, Maurenas J, Faivre-Pierret R, Martin D,
Sabroux J, Zettwoog P: Eruptive and diffusive emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature 1991,
351:387–391.
29. Capasso G, Inguaggiato S, Nuccio P, Peocraino G, Sortino F: Chemical changes in the gas composition of
La Fossa crater fumaroloes. Acta Vulcanologica 1993, 3:278–282.
30. Capasso G, Favara R, , Inguaggiato S: Chemical features and isotopic composition of gaseous
manifestations on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: An interpretative model of fluid
circulation. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:3425–3440.
31. Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2
flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrologia 1988,
43:1151–1158.
32. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S, Valenza M: CO2 flux from the ground. Acta Vulcanol. 1993, 3:272–273.
33. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S: Soil CO2 degassing in the island of Vulcano during 1992. Acta Vulcanol. 1994,
6:35.
34. Carapezza M, Diliberto I: Helium and CO2 soil degassing. Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 3:273–276.
35. Carapezza M: Helium and CO2 soil gas concentration (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 6:36–39.
36. Badalamenti B, Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Continuous monitoring (temperature, CO2, in soil gases and
reducing capacity) (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 6:46–48.
37. Carapezza M, Granieri D: CO2 soil flux at Vulcano (Italy): comparison between active and passive
methods. Appl. Geochem. 2004, 19:73–88.
38. Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: The Hitran Database 2003 [http://www.hitran.com].
39. Nuccio P, Paonita A, Sortino F: Geochemical modeling of mixing between magmatic and
hydrothermal gases: The case of Vulcano, Italy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 167:321–333.
40. Tedesco D, Scarsi P: Intensive gas sampling of noble gases and carbon at Vulcano Island (southern
Italy). J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:10499–10510.
41. Baubron J, Allard P, Toutain J: Diffusive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island,
Italy. Nature 1990, 344:51–53.
42. Pizzino L, Galli G, Mancini C, Quattrocchi F, Scarlato P: Natural gas hazard (CO2, 222Rn) within a
quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: the case of Ciampino-Marino area and
Albano Hill Vulcano, Italy. Natural Hazards 2002, 27:257–287.
43. Farrar C, Sorey M, Evans W, Howle J, Kerr B, Kennedy B, King C, Southon J: Forest-killing diffuse CO2
emission Mammouth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest. Nature 1995, 376:675–678.
44. Kling G, Evans W, Tanyileke G, Kusakabe M, Ohba T, Yoshida Y, Hell J: Degassing Lakes Nyos and
Monoun: defusing certain disaster. PNAS 2005, 102:14185–14190.
volcanic eruptions. J.Geol. Soc. Lond. 1991, 148:571–576.
2. Notsu K, Mori T, Igarashi G, Tohjima Y, Wakita H: Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for
remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem. J. 1993, 27:361–366.
3. Nuccio P, Paonita A: Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma
depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:467–481.
4. Aiuppa A, Burton M, Mur`e F, Inguaggiato S: Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring
methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis. Res.Lett. 2004, 31:L02610.
5. Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999-2004 [http://www.ov.ingv.it].
6. Galle B, Oppenheimer C, Geyer A, McGonigle A, Edmonds M, Horrocks L: A miniaturised ultraviolet
spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J. of Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 2003, 119:241–254.
7. Elias T, Sutton AJ, Oppenheimer C, Horton KA, Garbeil H, Tsanev V, McGonigle AJS, Williams-Jones G:
Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2
measurements using scattered sunlight. Bull. Volcanol. 2006, 68:313–322.
8. Weibring P, Swartling J, Edner H, Svanberg S, Caltabiano T, Condarelli D, Cecchi G, Pantani L: Optical
monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions - comparison between four different
remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2002, 37:267–284.
9. Francis P, Burton M, Oppenheimer C: Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar
occultation spectroscopy. Nature 1998, 396:567–570.
10. Mori T, Notsu K, Tohjima Y, Wakita H, Nuccio P, Italiano F: Remote detection of fumarolic gas
chemistry at Vulcano, Italy, using an FT-IR spectral radiometer. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 1995,
134:219–224.
11. Andersen D, Farrar C: Eddy covariance measurements of CO2flux to the atmosphere from an area
of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology 2001, 177:31–42.
12. Burton M, Oppenheimer C, Harrocks L, Francis P: Remote sensing of CO2and H2Oemission rates from
Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 2000, 28:915–918.
13. Zimmer M, Erzinger J: Continuous H2O, CO2, 222Rn and temperature measurements on Merapi
Volcano, Indonesia. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 125:25–38.
14. Faber E, Mor`an C, Poggenburg J, Garzon G, Teschner M: Continuous gas monitoring at Galeras
Volcano, Colombia: first evidence. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 125:13–23.
15. Werle P, Slemr F, Maurer K, Kormann R, M¨ucke R, J¨anker B: Near- and mid-infrared laser-optical
sensors for gas analysis. Opt. Laser Eng. 2002, 37:101–114.
16. Richter D, Erdelyi M, Curl R, Tittel F, Oppenheimer C, Duffell H, Burton M: Field measurement of
volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared
spectrometers. Opt. Laser Eng. 2002, 37:171–186.
17. Gianfrani L, De Natale P, De Natale G: Remote sensing of volcanic gases with a DFB-laser-based
fiber spectrometer. Appl. Phys. B 2000, 70:467–470.
18. Gianfrani L, De Natale P: Remote measurements of volcanic gases using a diode-laser-based
spectrometer. Opt. & Phot. News 2000, 11:44.
19. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, De Biasio G, De Natale P, Cotrufo F, Gianfrani L: Quantitative diode laser
absorption spectroscopy near 2 μm with high precision measurements of CO2 concentration. Rev.
Sci. Inst. 2001, 72:4228–4233.
20. Rocco A, De Natale G, De Natale P, Gagliardi G, Gianfrani L: A diode-laser-based spectrometer for
in-situ measurements of volcanic gases. Appl. Phys. B 2003, 78:235–240.
21. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, Casa G, Gianfrani L: Chemical and isotopic analysis using diode laser
spectroscopy: applications to volcanic gas monitoring. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2002, 37:131–142.
22. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C: Origin of fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and
implications for volcanic surveillance. Bull. Vulcanol. 1995, 57:99–110.
23. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C, Raco B, Taddeucci G: Fumarolic gases geochemistry. Acta
Volcanologica. 1994, 6:43.
24. Cardellini C, Chiodini G, Frondini F, Granieri D, Lewicki J, Peruzzi L: Accumulation chamber
measurements of methane fluxeses: application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Appl.
Geochem. 2003, 18:45–54.
25. Chiodini G, Frondini F, Raco B: Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater Vulcan island (Italy.
Bull. Vulcanol. 1996, 58:41.
26. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Guidi M, Raco B, Marini L: Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and
geothermal areas. Appl. Geochem. 1998, 13:543–552.
27. Aiuppa A, Federico C, Giudice G, Gurrieri S: Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: la Fossa crater,
Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophys. Res.Lett. 2005, 32:L13309.
28. Allard P, Carbonelle J, Dajlevic D, le Bronec J, Morel P, Robe J, Maurenas J, Faivre-Pierret R, Martin D,
Sabroux J, Zettwoog P: Eruptive and diffusive emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature 1991,
351:387–391.
29. Capasso G, Inguaggiato S, Nuccio P, Peocraino G, Sortino F: Chemical changes in the gas composition of
La Fossa crater fumaroloes. Acta Vulcanologica 1993, 3:278–282.
30. Capasso G, Favara R, , Inguaggiato S: Chemical features and isotopic composition of gaseous
manifestations on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: An interpretative model of fluid
circulation. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:3425–3440.
31. Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2
flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrologia 1988,
43:1151–1158.
32. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S, Valenza M: CO2 flux from the ground. Acta Vulcanol. 1993, 3:272–273.
33. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S: Soil CO2 degassing in the island of Vulcano during 1992. Acta Vulcanol. 1994,
6:35.
34. Carapezza M, Diliberto I: Helium and CO2 soil degassing. Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 3:273–276.
35. Carapezza M: Helium and CO2 soil gas concentration (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 6:36–39.
36. Badalamenti B, Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Continuous monitoring (temperature, CO2, in soil gases and
reducing capacity) (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994, 6:46–48.
37. Carapezza M, Granieri D: CO2 soil flux at Vulcano (Italy): comparison between active and passive
methods. Appl. Geochem. 2004, 19:73–88.
38. Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: The Hitran Database 2003 [http://www.hitran.com].
39. Nuccio P, Paonita A, Sortino F: Geochemical modeling of mixing between magmatic and
hydrothermal gases: The case of Vulcano, Italy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 167:321–333.
40. Tedesco D, Scarsi P: Intensive gas sampling of noble gases and carbon at Vulcano Island (southern
Italy). J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:10499–10510.
41. Baubron J, Allard P, Toutain J: Diffusive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island,
Italy. Nature 1990, 344:51–53.
42. Pizzino L, Galli G, Mancini C, Quattrocchi F, Scarlato P: Natural gas hazard (CO2, 222Rn) within a
quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: the case of Ciampino-Marino area and
Albano Hill Vulcano, Italy. Natural Hazards 2002, 27:257–287.
43. Farrar C, Sorey M, Evans W, Howle J, Kerr B, Kennedy B, King C, Southon J: Forest-killing diffuse CO2
emission Mammouth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest. Nature 1995, 376:675–678.
44. Kling G, Evans W, Tanyileke G, Kusakabe M, Ohba T, Yoshida Y, Hell J: Degassing Lakes Nyos and
Monoun: defusing certain disaster. PNAS 2005, 102:14185–14190.
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