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Coseismic ruptures and associated tectonic landforms along the Duzce segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/ 111 (2006)
Publisher
Agu
Pages (printed)
B06312
Issued date
2006
Keywords
Abstract
This paper presents a comparison between the pattern of surface ruptures produced by
a single earthquake and patterns of cumulative deformation. We performed a detailed study
of the 1999 earthquake coseismic ruptures and of the long-term tectonic landforms in a key
area of the Du¨zce fault segment of the North Anatolian fault. We observed a scaleindependent
en echelon arrangement of the coseismic surface ruptures. As a whole, the
long-term geomorphic expression of the Du¨zce Fault near the 1999 ruptures is evidence of
the principal slip zone at depth that accommodates the bulk of the displacement during an
individual rupture event. This may stay localized through many rupture episodes with
persistent geometry and kinematics. The long-term tectonic and geomorphic expression of
the fault in a broader area around the 1999 ruptures defines a wider deformation zone. In
fact, an old and complex fault arrangement has been mapped, partially coinciding with
the 1999 rupturing fault, suggesting that the 1999 ruptures are an incomplete expression of
the long-term Du¨zce fault system. The relationships between the coseismic and the old
fault systems suggest an evolution of the fault pattern trough time, with a tendency to
simplify a geometric complexity into a straighter, mature trace. The integrated investigation
of long-term tectonic morphologies and structural pattern offers a noteworthy frame to
interpret the coseismic rupture kinematics and clarifies their complexities. Moreover, to
fully understand the principal slip zone at depth, this work shows the importance of the
study of strain distribution pattern and evolution of surface rupturing faults.
a single earthquake and patterns of cumulative deformation. We performed a detailed study
of the 1999 earthquake coseismic ruptures and of the long-term tectonic landforms in a key
area of the Du¨zce fault segment of the North Anatolian fault. We observed a scaleindependent
en echelon arrangement of the coseismic surface ruptures. As a whole, the
long-term geomorphic expression of the Du¨zce Fault near the 1999 ruptures is evidence of
the principal slip zone at depth that accommodates the bulk of the displacement during an
individual rupture event. This may stay localized through many rupture episodes with
persistent geometry and kinematics. The long-term tectonic and geomorphic expression of
the fault in a broader area around the 1999 ruptures defines a wider deformation zone. In
fact, an old and complex fault arrangement has been mapped, partially coinciding with
the 1999 rupturing fault, suggesting that the 1999 ruptures are an incomplete expression of
the long-term Du¨zce fault system. The relationships between the coseismic and the old
fault systems suggest an evolution of the fault pattern trough time, with a tendency to
simplify a geometric complexity into a straighter, mature trace. The integrated investigation
of long-term tectonic morphologies and structural pattern offers a noteworthy frame to
interpret the coseismic rupture kinematics and clarifies their complexities. Moreover, to
fully understand the principal slip zone at depth, this work shows the importance of the
study of strain distribution pattern and evolution of surface rupturing faults.
References
Akyu¨z, H. S., A. A. Barka, E. Altunel, R. D. Hartleb, and G. Sunal (2000),
Field observations and slip distribution of the November 12, 1999 Du¨zce
earthquake (M = 7.1), Bolu - Turkey, in The 1999 Izmit and Du¨zce
Earthquakes: Preliminary Results, edited by A. A. Barka et al., pp.
63– 70, Istanbul Tech. Univ., Istanbul.
Akyu¨z, H. S., R. D. Hartleb, A. A. Barka, E. Altunel, G. Sunal, B. Meyer,
and R. Armijo (2002), Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12
November 1999 Du¨zce earthquake (M7.1), North Anatolian Fault, Bolu,
Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 61–66.
Ambraseys, N. N. (1970), Some characteristic features of the North Anatolian
fault zone, Tectonophysics, 9, 143–165.
Ambraseys, N. N. (2002), The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region
over the last 2000 years, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1 –18.
Ambraseys, N. N., and C. F. Finkel (1995), The Seismicity of Turkey and
Adjacent Areas: A Historical Review, 1500 – 1800, 240 pp., Muhittin
Salih Eren, Istanbul.
Armijo, R., B. Meyer, A. Hubert, and A. A. Barka (1999), Westward
propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: Timing
and kinematics, Geology, 27(3), 267– 270.
Ayhan, M. A., C. Demir, A. Kilicoglu, I. Sanli, and S. M. Nakiboglu
(1999), Crustal motion around the western segment of the north Anatolian
fault zone: Geodetic measurements and geophysical interpretation,
paper presented at IUGG99, Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophys., Birmingham,
U. K.
Barka, A. A. (1981), Seismo-tectonic aspects of the North Anatolian fault
zone, Ph.D. thesis, 335 pp., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, U. K.
Barka, A. A. (1992), The North Anatolian fault zone, Ann. Tecton., 6, 164–
195.
Barka, A. A. (1999), 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake, Science, 285,
1858– 1859.
Barka, A. A., and P. L. Hancock (1984), Neotectonic deformation patterns
in the convex-northwards arc of the North Anatolian fault, in The Geological
Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by J. G. Dixon
and A. H. F. Robertson, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 17, 763– 773.
Barka, A. A., and K. Kadinski-Cade (1988), Strike-slip fault geometry in
Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonophysics, 7, 663–
684.
Barka, A. A., et al. (2000), The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake, M =
7.4, eastern Marmara region, Turkey: Study of surface rupture and slip
distribution, in The 1999 Izmit and Du¨zce Earthquakes: Preliminary
Results, edited by A. A. Barka et al., pp. 15– 30, Istanbul Tech. Univ.,
Istanbul.
Barka, A. A., et al. (2002), The surface rupture and slip distribution of the
August 17, 1999 I
:
zmit earthquake, M = 7.4, North Anatolian Fault, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 43– 60.
Burgmann, R., M. E. Ayhan, E. J. Fielding, T. J. Wright, S. McClusky,
B. Aktug, C. Demir, O. Lenk, and A. Turkezer (2002), Deformation
during the 12 November 1999 Du¨zce, Turkey, earthquake, from GPS
and InSAR Data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 161– 171.
Cakir, Z., A. Barka, J. B. De Chabalier, R. Armijo, and B. Meyer (2003),
Kinematics of the November 12, 1999 (Mw = 7.2) Du¨zce earthquake
deduced from SAR interferometry, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 12, 105– 118.
Canitez, N., and B. Ucer (1967), Computer determinations for the fault
plane solutions in and near Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 4, 235–244.
Hartleb, R. D., et al. (2002), Surface rupture and slip distribution along the
Karadere segment of the 17 August 1999 Izmit and the western section of the 12 November 1999 Du¨zce, Turkey, earthquakes, Seismol. Soc. Am.
Bull., 92, 67– 78.
Herece, E., and E. Akay (2003), 1:100.000 geological maps of the North
Anatolian Fault, Appendix 3 and 4, Gen. Dir. of Miner. Res. and Explor.,
Ankara.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., R. Armijo, G. King, B. Meyer, and A. Barka (2002),
Morphology, displacement, and slip rates along the northern Anatolian
Fault, Turkey, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2235, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000393.
Johnson, A. M., R. W. Fleming, and K. M. Cruikshank (1994), Shear zones
formed along long, straight traces of fault zones during the 28 June 1992
Landers, California, earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 499– 510.
Kahle, H.-G., M. Cocard, Y. Peter, A. Geiger, R. Reilinger, S. McClusky,
R. King, A. Barka, and G. Veis (1999), The GPS strain rate field in the
Aegean Sea and western Anatolia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(16), 2513–
2516.
Kahle, H. G., M. Cocard, Y. Peter, A. Geiger, R. Reilinger, A. Barka, and
G. Veis (2000), GPS-derived strain rate field within the boundary zones
of the Eurasian, African, and Arabian Plates, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B3),
23,353–23,370.
Lazarte, C. A., J. D. Bray, A. M. Johnson, and R. E. Lemmer (1994),
Surface breakage of the 1992 Landers earthquake and its effects on
structures, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 547– 561.
McClusky, S. C., et al. (2000), Global positioning system constraints on
plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus,
J. Geophys. Res., 105(B3), 5695–5720.
McKenzie, D. P. (1972), Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region,
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 30, 109– 185.
Milkereit, C., et al. (2000), Preliminary aftershocks analysis of the Mw =
7.4 Izmit and Mw = 7.1 Du¨zce earthquake in western Turkey, in The
1999 Izmit and Du¨zce Earthquakes: Preliminary Results, edited by A. A.
Barka et al., pp. 179– 187, Istanbul Tech. Univ., Istanbul.
Muller, J. R., A. Aydin, and F. Maerten (2003), Investigating the transition
between the 1967 Mudurnu Valley and 1999 Izmit earthquakes along the
North Anatolian fault with static stress changes, Geophys. J. Int., 154,
471–482.
Naylor, M. A., G. Mandl, and C. H. K. Sijpesteijn (1986), Fault geometries
in basement-induced wrench faulting under different initial stress states,
J. Struct. Geol., 8(7), 737– 752.
O¨
zalaybey, S., M. Aktar, M. Ergu¨n, H. Karabulut, M. Bouchon,
C. Tapirdamaz, and A. Yoruk (2000), Aftershock studies following
recent earthquakes in Turkey, paper presented at XXVII General
Assembly, Eur. Seismol. Comm., Lisbon Univ., Lisbon, Portugal.
Reilinger, R. E., S. C. McClusky, M. B. Oral, W. King, and M. N. Tokso¨z
(1997), Global positioning system measurements of present-day crustal
movements in the Arabian-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone, J. Geophys.
Res., 102(B5), 9983– 9999.
Reilinger, R. E., M. N. Tokso¨z, S. McClusky, and A. A. Barka (2000), 1999
Izmit, Turkey Earthquake was no surprise, GSA Today, 10, 1–6.
Riedel, W. (1929), Zur mechanic geologischer brucherscheinungen, Z. Min.
Geol. Paleontol., 1929, Suppl. B, 354– 368.
S¸ arog˘lu, F., O¨ . Emre, and I
:
. Kus¸c¸u (1992), Active fault map of Turkey,
map, Gen. Dir. of Miner. Res. and Explor., Ankara.
S¸engo¨ r, A. M. C. (1979), The North Anatolian transform fault: Its age,
offset and tectonic significance, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 269– 282.
Seymen, I. (1975), Tectonic characteristics of the North Anatolian fault
zone in the Kelkit valley, Ph.D. thesis, 192 pp., Istanbul Tech. Univ.,
Istanbul.
Sibson, R. H. (2003), Thickness of the seismic slip zone, Bull Seismol. Soc.
Am., 93(3), 1169–1178.
Sieh, K. L., et al. (1993), Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake
sequence, April to July, 1992, Science, 260, 171– 176.
Straub, C., H. G. Kahle, and C. Schindler (1997), GPS and geologic
estimates of the tectonic activity in the Marmara Sea region, NW
Anatolia, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B12), 27,587–27,601.
Tchalenko, J. S. (1970), Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 1625– 1639.
Tchalenko, J. S., and N. N. Ambraseys (1970), Structural analysis of the
Dasht-e Bayaz, Iran, earthquake fractures, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 41– 60.
Tchalenko, J. S., and M. Berberian (1975), Dasht-e Bayaz fault, Iran: Earthquake
and earlier related structures in bedrock, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86,
703– 709.
Tibi, R., G. Bock, Y. Xia, M. Baumbach, H. Grosser, C. Milkereit,
S. Karakisa, S. Zunbul, R. Kind, and J. Zschau (2001), Rupture
processes of the 1999 August 17 Izmit and November 12 Du¨zce
(Turkey) earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 144, F1– F7.
Tokay, M. (1973), Geological observation on the North Anatolian fault
zone between Gerede and Ilgaz, paper presented at Symposium on the
North Anatolian Fault Zone and Earthquake Belt, Miner. Res. and Explor.
Inst. of Turkey, Ankara.
Utkucu, M., S. S. Nalbant, J. McCloskey, S. Steacy, and O. Alptekin
(2003), Slip distribution and stress changes associated with the 1999
November 12, Du¨zce (Turkey), Geophys. J. Int., 153, 229– 241.
Westaway, R. (1994), Present-day kinematics of the middle-east and eastern
Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 99(B6), 12,071–12,090.
Wilcox, R. E., T. P. Harding, and D. R. Seely (1973), Basic wrench tectonics,
AAPG Bull, 57(1), 74– 96.
Woodcock, N. H., and C. Schubert (1994), Continental strike-slip tectonics,
in Continental Deformation, edited by P. L. Hancock, pp. 251 – 263,
Elsevier, New York.
Field observations and slip distribution of the November 12, 1999 Du¨zce
earthquake (M = 7.1), Bolu - Turkey, in The 1999 Izmit and Du¨zce
Earthquakes: Preliminary Results, edited by A. A. Barka et al., pp.
63– 70, Istanbul Tech. Univ., Istanbul.
Akyu¨z, H. S., R. D. Hartleb, A. A. Barka, E. Altunel, G. Sunal, B. Meyer,
and R. Armijo (2002), Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12
November 1999 Du¨zce earthquake (M7.1), North Anatolian Fault, Bolu,
Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 61–66.
Ambraseys, N. N. (1970), Some characteristic features of the North Anatolian
fault zone, Tectonophysics, 9, 143–165.
Ambraseys, N. N. (2002), The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region
over the last 2000 years, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1 –18.
Ambraseys, N. N., and C. F. Finkel (1995), The Seismicity of Turkey and
Adjacent Areas: A Historical Review, 1500 – 1800, 240 pp., Muhittin
Salih Eren, Istanbul.
Armijo, R., B. Meyer, A. Hubert, and A. A. Barka (1999), Westward
propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: Timing
and kinematics, Geology, 27(3), 267– 270.
Ayhan, M. A., C. Demir, A. Kilicoglu, I. Sanli, and S. M. Nakiboglu
(1999), Crustal motion around the western segment of the north Anatolian
fault zone: Geodetic measurements and geophysical interpretation,
paper presented at IUGG99, Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophys., Birmingham,
U. K.
Barka, A. A. (1981), Seismo-tectonic aspects of the North Anatolian fault
zone, Ph.D. thesis, 335 pp., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, U. K.
Barka, A. A. (1992), The North Anatolian fault zone, Ann. Tecton., 6, 164–
195.
Barka, A. A. (1999), 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake, Science, 285,
1858– 1859.
Barka, A. A., and P. L. Hancock (1984), Neotectonic deformation patterns
in the convex-northwards arc of the North Anatolian fault, in The Geological
Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by J. G. Dixon
and A. H. F. Robertson, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 17, 763– 773.
Barka, A. A., and K. Kadinski-Cade (1988), Strike-slip fault geometry in
Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonophysics, 7, 663–
684.
Barka, A. A., et al. (2000), The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake, M =
7.4, eastern Marmara region, Turkey: Study of surface rupture and slip
distribution, in The 1999 Izmit and Du¨zce Earthquakes: Preliminary
Results, edited by A. A. Barka et al., pp. 15– 30, Istanbul Tech. Univ.,
Istanbul.
Barka, A. A., et al. (2002), The surface rupture and slip distribution of the
August 17, 1999 I
:
zmit earthquake, M = 7.4, North Anatolian Fault, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 43– 60.
Burgmann, R., M. E. Ayhan, E. J. Fielding, T. J. Wright, S. McClusky,
B. Aktug, C. Demir, O. Lenk, and A. Turkezer (2002), Deformation
during the 12 November 1999 Du¨zce, Turkey, earthquake, from GPS
and InSAR Data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 161– 171.
Cakir, Z., A. Barka, J. B. De Chabalier, R. Armijo, and B. Meyer (2003),
Kinematics of the November 12, 1999 (Mw = 7.2) Du¨zce earthquake
deduced from SAR interferometry, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 12, 105– 118.
Canitez, N., and B. Ucer (1967), Computer determinations for the fault
plane solutions in and near Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 4, 235–244.
Hartleb, R. D., et al. (2002), Surface rupture and slip distribution along the
Karadere segment of the 17 August 1999 Izmit and the western section of the 12 November 1999 Du¨zce, Turkey, earthquakes, Seismol. Soc. Am.
Bull., 92, 67– 78.
Herece, E., and E. Akay (2003), 1:100.000 geological maps of the North
Anatolian Fault, Appendix 3 and 4, Gen. Dir. of Miner. Res. and Explor.,
Ankara.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., R. Armijo, G. King, B. Meyer, and A. Barka (2002),
Morphology, displacement, and slip rates along the northern Anatolian
Fault, Turkey, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2235, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000393.
Johnson, A. M., R. W. Fleming, and K. M. Cruikshank (1994), Shear zones
formed along long, straight traces of fault zones during the 28 June 1992
Landers, California, earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 499– 510.
Kahle, H.-G., M. Cocard, Y. Peter, A. Geiger, R. Reilinger, S. McClusky,
R. King, A. Barka, and G. Veis (1999), The GPS strain rate field in the
Aegean Sea and western Anatolia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(16), 2513–
2516.
Kahle, H. G., M. Cocard, Y. Peter, A. Geiger, R. Reilinger, A. Barka, and
G. Veis (2000), GPS-derived strain rate field within the boundary zones
of the Eurasian, African, and Arabian Plates, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B3),
23,353–23,370.
Lazarte, C. A., J. D. Bray, A. M. Johnson, and R. E. Lemmer (1994),
Surface breakage of the 1992 Landers earthquake and its effects on
structures, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 547– 561.
McClusky, S. C., et al. (2000), Global positioning system constraints on
plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus,
J. Geophys. Res., 105(B3), 5695–5720.
McKenzie, D. P. (1972), Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region,
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 30, 109– 185.
Milkereit, C., et al. (2000), Preliminary aftershocks analysis of the Mw =
7.4 Izmit and Mw = 7.1 Du¨zce earthquake in western Turkey, in The
1999 Izmit and Du¨zce Earthquakes: Preliminary Results, edited by A. A.
Barka et al., pp. 179– 187, Istanbul Tech. Univ., Istanbul.
Muller, J. R., A. Aydin, and F. Maerten (2003), Investigating the transition
between the 1967 Mudurnu Valley and 1999 Izmit earthquakes along the
North Anatolian fault with static stress changes, Geophys. J. Int., 154,
471–482.
Naylor, M. A., G. Mandl, and C. H. K. Sijpesteijn (1986), Fault geometries
in basement-induced wrench faulting under different initial stress states,
J. Struct. Geol., 8(7), 737– 752.
O¨
zalaybey, S., M. Aktar, M. Ergu¨n, H. Karabulut, M. Bouchon,
C. Tapirdamaz, and A. Yoruk (2000), Aftershock studies following
recent earthquakes in Turkey, paper presented at XXVII General
Assembly, Eur. Seismol. Comm., Lisbon Univ., Lisbon, Portugal.
Reilinger, R. E., S. C. McClusky, M. B. Oral, W. King, and M. N. Tokso¨z
(1997), Global positioning system measurements of present-day crustal
movements in the Arabian-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone, J. Geophys.
Res., 102(B5), 9983– 9999.
Reilinger, R. E., M. N. Tokso¨z, S. McClusky, and A. A. Barka (2000), 1999
Izmit, Turkey Earthquake was no surprise, GSA Today, 10, 1–6.
Riedel, W. (1929), Zur mechanic geologischer brucherscheinungen, Z. Min.
Geol. Paleontol., 1929, Suppl. B, 354– 368.
S¸ arog˘lu, F., O¨ . Emre, and I
:
. Kus¸c¸u (1992), Active fault map of Turkey,
map, Gen. Dir. of Miner. Res. and Explor., Ankara.
S¸engo¨ r, A. M. C. (1979), The North Anatolian transform fault: Its age,
offset and tectonic significance, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 269– 282.
Seymen, I. (1975), Tectonic characteristics of the North Anatolian fault
zone in the Kelkit valley, Ph.D. thesis, 192 pp., Istanbul Tech. Univ.,
Istanbul.
Sibson, R. H. (2003), Thickness of the seismic slip zone, Bull Seismol. Soc.
Am., 93(3), 1169–1178.
Sieh, K. L., et al. (1993), Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake
sequence, April to July, 1992, Science, 260, 171– 176.
Straub, C., H. G. Kahle, and C. Schindler (1997), GPS and geologic
estimates of the tectonic activity in the Marmara Sea region, NW
Anatolia, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B12), 27,587–27,601.
Tchalenko, J. S. (1970), Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 1625– 1639.
Tchalenko, J. S., and N. N. Ambraseys (1970), Structural analysis of the
Dasht-e Bayaz, Iran, earthquake fractures, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 41– 60.
Tchalenko, J. S., and M. Berberian (1975), Dasht-e Bayaz fault, Iran: Earthquake
and earlier related structures in bedrock, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86,
703– 709.
Tibi, R., G. Bock, Y. Xia, M. Baumbach, H. Grosser, C. Milkereit,
S. Karakisa, S. Zunbul, R. Kind, and J. Zschau (2001), Rupture
processes of the 1999 August 17 Izmit and November 12 Du¨zce
(Turkey) earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 144, F1– F7.
Tokay, M. (1973), Geological observation on the North Anatolian fault
zone between Gerede and Ilgaz, paper presented at Symposium on the
North Anatolian Fault Zone and Earthquake Belt, Miner. Res. and Explor.
Inst. of Turkey, Ankara.
Utkucu, M., S. S. Nalbant, J. McCloskey, S. Steacy, and O. Alptekin
(2003), Slip distribution and stress changes associated with the 1999
November 12, Du¨zce (Turkey), Geophys. J. Int., 153, 229– 241.
Westaway, R. (1994), Present-day kinematics of the middle-east and eastern
Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 99(B6), 12,071–12,090.
Wilcox, R. E., T. P. Harding, and D. R. Seely (1973), Basic wrench tectonics,
AAPG Bull, 57(1), 74– 96.
Woodcock, N. H., and C. Schubert (1994), Continental strike-slip tectonics,
in Continental Deformation, edited by P. L. Hancock, pp. 251 – 263,
Elsevier, New York.
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