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Sources, size distribution and downwind grounding of aerosols from Mt. Etna
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/ 111 (2006)
Publisher
Agu
Pages (printed)
D10302
Issued date
2006
Keywords
Abstract
The number concentrations and size distributions of aerosol particles >0.3 mm
diameter were measured at the summit of Mount Etna and up to 10 km downwind from
the degassing vents during July and August 2004. Aerosol number concentrations reached
in excess of 9 106 L 1 at summit vents, compared to 4–8 104 L 1 in background air.
Number concentrations of intermediate size particles were higher in emissions from the
Northeast crater compared to other summit crater vents, and chemical composition
measurements showed that Northeast crater aerosols contained a higher mineral cation
content compared to those from Voragine or Bocca Nuova, attributed to Strombolian or
gas puffing activity within the vent. Downwind from the summit the airborne plume was
located using zenith sky ultraviolet spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements indicated a
coincidence of elevated ground level aerosol concentrations with overhead SO2,
demonstrating rapid downward mixing of the plume onto the lower flanks of the volcano
under certain meteorological conditions. At downwind sites the ground level particle
number concentrations were elevated in all size fractions, notably in the 2.0–7.5 mm size
range. These findings are relevant for assessing human health hazard and suggest that
aerosol size distribution measurements may aid volcanic risk management.
diameter were measured at the summit of Mount Etna and up to 10 km downwind from
the degassing vents during July and August 2004. Aerosol number concentrations reached
in excess of 9 106 L 1 at summit vents, compared to 4–8 104 L 1 in background air.
Number concentrations of intermediate size particles were higher in emissions from the
Northeast crater compared to other summit crater vents, and chemical composition
measurements showed that Northeast crater aerosols contained a higher mineral cation
content compared to those from Voragine or Bocca Nuova, attributed to Strombolian or
gas puffing activity within the vent. Downwind from the summit the airborne plume was
located using zenith sky ultraviolet spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements indicated a
coincidence of elevated ground level aerosol concentrations with overhead SO2,
demonstrating rapid downward mixing of the plume onto the lower flanks of the volcano
under certain meteorological conditions. At downwind sites the ground level particle
number concentrations were elevated in all size fractions, notably in the 2.0–7.5 mm size
range. These findings are relevant for assessing human health hazard and suggest that
aerosol size distribution measurements may aid volcanic risk management.
References
Aiuppa, A., C. Federico, A. Paonita, G. Pecoraino, and M. Valenza (2002),
S, Cl and F degassing as an indicator of volcanic dynamics: The 2001
eruption of Mount Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1559, doi:10.1029/
2002GL015032.
Aiuppa, A., S. Bellomo, W. D’Alessandro, C. Federico, M. Ferm, and
M. Valenza (2004), Volcanic plume monitoring at Mount Etna by diffusive
(passive) sampling, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21308, doi:10.1029/
2003JD004481.
Allard, P. (1997), Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount
Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2219– 2222.
Allard, P., M. Burton, and F. Mure (2005), Spectroscopic evidence for a
lava fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas, Nature,
433, 407–410.
Allen, A. G., P. J. Baxter, and C. J. Ottley (2000), Gas and particle emissions
from Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, W.I.: Characterization
and health hazard assessment, Bull. Volcanol., 62(1), 6 –17.
Allen, A. G., B. M. Davison, J. D. James, L. Robertson, R. M. Harrison,
and C. N. Hewitt (2002a), Influence of transport over a mountain ridge on
the chemical composition of marine aerosols during the ACE-2 Hillcloud
experiment, J. Atmos. Chem., 41, 83– 107.
Allen, A. G., C. Oppenheimer, M. Ferm, P. J. Baxter, L. A. Horrocks,
B. Galle, A. J. S. McGonigle, and H. J. Duffell (2002b), Primary sulphate
aerosol and associated emissions from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4682, doi:10.1029/2002JD002120.
Allen, A. G., A. A. Cardoso, and G. O. da Rocha (2004), Influence of sugar
cane burning on aerosol soluble ion composition in southeastern Brazil,
Atmos. Environ., 38, 5025– 5038.
Andronico, D. (2005), Rapporto settimanale sull’attivita` eruttiva dell’Etna
(7–13 marzo 2005), INGV Rep. UFVG2005/35, Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e
Vulcanol., Catania, Italy.
Andronico, D., M. Coltelli, A. Cristaldi, P. del Carlo, and S. Scollo (2003),
The 2002– 2003 Etna explosive activity: Tephra dispersal and its effects,
paper presented at General Assembly, Ital. Natl. Volcanol. Group, Rome,
9– 11 June.
Andronico, D., et al. (2005), A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002– 03
Etna eruption: Insights into a complex plumbing system, Bull. Volcanol.,
67, 314– 330.
Behncke, B., and M. Neri (2003), The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt
Etna (Sicily), Bull. Volcanol., 65, 461– 476.
Bluth, G. J. S., C. C. Schnetzler, A. J. Krueger, and L. S. Walter (1993), The
contribution of explosive volcanism to global atmospheric sulphur dioxide
concentrations, Nature, 366, 327–329.
Bonaccorso, A., S. Calvari, M. Coltelli, C. Del Negro, and S. Falsaperla
(Eds.) (2004), Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory, Geophys. Monogr. Ser.,
vol. 143, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Burton, M. R., et al. (2005), Etna 2004–2005: An archetype for geodynamically-
controlled effusive eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09303,
doi:10.1029/2005GL022527.
Caltabiano, T., M. Burton, S. Giammanco, P. Allard, N. Bruno, F. Mure´,
and R. Romano (2004), Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters
and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987– 2000, in Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory,
Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 143, edited by A. Bonaccorso et al., pp. 111 –
128, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Carn, S. A., A. J. Krueger, G. J. S. Bluth, S. J. Schaefer, N. A. Krotkov,
I. M. Watson, and S. Datta (2003), Volcanic eruption detection by the
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: A 22-year
record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions, in Volcanic Degassing,
edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 213, 177– 202.
Chester, D. K., A. M. Duncan, J. E. Guest, and C. R. J. Kilburn (1985),
Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a Volcano, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Dockery, C. W., D. A. Pope, X. Xu, J. D. Spengler, J. H. Ware, M. A. Fay,
B. G. Ferris, and F. D. Speizer (1993), An association between air pollution
and mortality in six US cities, N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753– 1759.
Doyle, J. D., and D. R. Durran (2002), The dynamics of mountain-waveinduced
rotors, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 186– 201.
Francis, P., M. R. Burton, and C. Oppenheimer (1998), Remote measurements
of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy,
Nature, 396, 567–570.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds,
and L. A. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturised UV spectrometer for remote
sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 119, 241– 254.
Gullett, B. K., A. F. Sarofim, K. A. Smith, and C. Procaccini (2000), The
role of chlorine in dioxin formation, Process Safety Environ. Prot.,
78(B1), 47– 52.
Horrocks, L., M. Burton, P. Francis, and C. Oppenheimer (1999), Stable gas
plume composition measured by OP-FTIR spectroscopy at Masaya Volcano,
Nicaragua, 1998– 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(23), 3497– 3500.
Horwell, C. J., R. S. J. Sparks, T. S. Brewer, E. W. Llewellin, and B. J.
Williamson (2003a), Characterization of respirable volcanic ash from the
Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for human health
hazards, Bull. Volcanol., 65, 346–362.
Horwell, C. J., I. Fenoglio, K. V. Ragnarsdottir, R. S. J. Sparks, and
B. Fubini (2003b), Surface reactivity of volcanic ash from the eruption
of Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for health hazards,
Environ. Res., 93, 202–215.
Jaenicke, R. (1998), Atmospheric aerosol size distribution, in Atmospheric
Particles, edited by R. M. Harrison and R. E. van Grieken, pp. 1– 28,
John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
Love, S. P., F. Goff, D. Counce, C. Siebe, and H. Delgado (1998), Passive
infrared spectroscopy of the eruption plume at Popocate´petl volcano,
Mexico, Nature, 396, 563– 566.
Mark, D. (1998), Atmospheric aerosol sampling, in Atmospheric Particles,
edited by R. M. Harrison and R. E. van Grieken, pp. 29– 94, John Wiley,
Hoboken, N. J.
Mather, T. A., A. G. Allen, C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and A. J. S.
McGonigle (2003), Size-resolved characterisation of soluble ions in the
particles in the tropospheric plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua: Origins
and plume processing, J. Atmos. Chem., 46(3), 207– 237.
Mather, T. A., V. I. Tsanev, D. M. Pyle, A. J. S. McGonigle,
C. Oppenheimer, and A. G. Allen (2004), Characterization and evolution
of tropospheric plumes from Lascar and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004934.
Monna, F., A. Aiuppa, G. Dongarra`, and D. Varrica (1999), Pb isotope
composition in lichens and aerosols from Eastern Sicily: Insights into
the regional impact of volcanoes on the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
33, 2517– 2523.
Mori, T., K. Notsu, Y. Tohjima, and H. Wakita (1993), Remote detection of
HCl and SO2 in volcanic gas from Unzen volcano, Japan, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 20, 1355–1358.
Notcutt, G., and F. Davies (1989), Accumulation of volcanogenic fluoride
by vegetation: Mt. Etna, Sicily, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 39, 329–
333.
Oppenheimer, C., D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay (2003), Volcanic Degassing,
Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 213, 432 pp.
Platt, U. (1999), Modern methods of the measurement of atmospheric trace
gases, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5409–5415.
Pope, C. A., III, J. Schwartz, and M. Ransom (1992), Daily mortality and
PM10 pollution in Utah Valley, Arch. Environ. Health, 42, 211– 217.
Schwartz, J., D. W. Dockery, and L. M. Neas (1996), Is daily mortality
associated specifically with fine particles?, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.,
46, 927–939.
Shinohara, H. (2005), A new technique to estimate volcanic gas composition:
Plume measurements with a portable multi-sensor system, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 143, 319– 333.
Smirnov, V. V., T. N. Rostovshchikova, I. G. Tarkhanova, I. N. Novikov,
V. B. Barabash, and I. A. Nasyr (1993), Reactions in liquid hydrogen
chloride. 1. Chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons, Kinet. Catalysis,
34(2), 204– 206.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the
correlation spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events,
edited by H. Tazieff and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425 – 444, Elsevier, New
York.
Tanguy, J. C., M. Condomines, and G. Kieffer (1997), Evolution of the
Mount Etna magma: Constraints on the present feeding system and eruptive
mechanism, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 75, 221– 250.
Watson, I. M., and C. Oppenheimer (2000), Particle size distributions of
Mount Etna’s aerosol plume constrained by Sun photometry, J. Geophys.
Res., 105(D8), 9823– 9829.
Watson, I. M., and C. Oppenheimer (2001), Photometric observations of
Mt. Etna’s different aerosol plumes, Atmos. Environ., 35(21), 3561 –
3572.
Yin, J., A. G. Allen, R. M. Harrison, S. G. Jennings, E. Wright,
M. Fitzpatrick, T. Healy, E. Barry, D. Ceburnis, and D. McCusker
(2005), Major component composition of urban PM10 and PM2.5 in Ireland,
Atmos. Res., 78, 149–165.
Zhang, L., S. Gong, J. Padro, and L. Barrie (2001), A size-segregated
particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos.
Environ., 35, 549– 560.
S, Cl and F degassing as an indicator of volcanic dynamics: The 2001
eruption of Mount Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1559, doi:10.1029/
2002GL015032.
Aiuppa, A., S. Bellomo, W. D’Alessandro, C. Federico, M. Ferm, and
M. Valenza (2004), Volcanic plume monitoring at Mount Etna by diffusive
(passive) sampling, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21308, doi:10.1029/
2003JD004481.
Allard, P. (1997), Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount
Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2219– 2222.
Allard, P., M. Burton, and F. Mure (2005), Spectroscopic evidence for a
lava fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas, Nature,
433, 407–410.
Allen, A. G., P. J. Baxter, and C. J. Ottley (2000), Gas and particle emissions
from Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, W.I.: Characterization
and health hazard assessment, Bull. Volcanol., 62(1), 6 –17.
Allen, A. G., B. M. Davison, J. D. James, L. Robertson, R. M. Harrison,
and C. N. Hewitt (2002a), Influence of transport over a mountain ridge on
the chemical composition of marine aerosols during the ACE-2 Hillcloud
experiment, J. Atmos. Chem., 41, 83– 107.
Allen, A. G., C. Oppenheimer, M. Ferm, P. J. Baxter, L. A. Horrocks,
B. Galle, A. J. S. McGonigle, and H. J. Duffell (2002b), Primary sulphate
aerosol and associated emissions from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4682, doi:10.1029/2002JD002120.
Allen, A. G., A. A. Cardoso, and G. O. da Rocha (2004), Influence of sugar
cane burning on aerosol soluble ion composition in southeastern Brazil,
Atmos. Environ., 38, 5025– 5038.
Andronico, D. (2005), Rapporto settimanale sull’attivita` eruttiva dell’Etna
(7–13 marzo 2005), INGV Rep. UFVG2005/35, Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e
Vulcanol., Catania, Italy.
Andronico, D., M. Coltelli, A. Cristaldi, P. del Carlo, and S. Scollo (2003),
The 2002– 2003 Etna explosive activity: Tephra dispersal and its effects,
paper presented at General Assembly, Ital. Natl. Volcanol. Group, Rome,
9– 11 June.
Andronico, D., et al. (2005), A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002– 03
Etna eruption: Insights into a complex plumbing system, Bull. Volcanol.,
67, 314– 330.
Behncke, B., and M. Neri (2003), The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt
Etna (Sicily), Bull. Volcanol., 65, 461– 476.
Bluth, G. J. S., C. C. Schnetzler, A. J. Krueger, and L. S. Walter (1993), The
contribution of explosive volcanism to global atmospheric sulphur dioxide
concentrations, Nature, 366, 327–329.
Bonaccorso, A., S. Calvari, M. Coltelli, C. Del Negro, and S. Falsaperla
(Eds.) (2004), Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory, Geophys. Monogr. Ser.,
vol. 143, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Burton, M. R., et al. (2005), Etna 2004–2005: An archetype for geodynamically-
controlled effusive eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09303,
doi:10.1029/2005GL022527.
Caltabiano, T., M. Burton, S. Giammanco, P. Allard, N. Bruno, F. Mure´,
and R. Romano (2004), Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters
and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987– 2000, in Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory,
Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 143, edited by A. Bonaccorso et al., pp. 111 –
128, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Carn, S. A., A. J. Krueger, G. J. S. Bluth, S. J. Schaefer, N. A. Krotkov,
I. M. Watson, and S. Datta (2003), Volcanic eruption detection by the
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: A 22-year
record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions, in Volcanic Degassing,
edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 213, 177– 202.
Chester, D. K., A. M. Duncan, J. E. Guest, and C. R. J. Kilburn (1985),
Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a Volcano, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Dockery, C. W., D. A. Pope, X. Xu, J. D. Spengler, J. H. Ware, M. A. Fay,
B. G. Ferris, and F. D. Speizer (1993), An association between air pollution
and mortality in six US cities, N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753– 1759.
Doyle, J. D., and D. R. Durran (2002), The dynamics of mountain-waveinduced
rotors, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 186– 201.
Francis, P., M. R. Burton, and C. Oppenheimer (1998), Remote measurements
of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy,
Nature, 396, 567–570.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds,
and L. A. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturised UV spectrometer for remote
sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 119, 241– 254.
Gullett, B. K., A. F. Sarofim, K. A. Smith, and C. Procaccini (2000), The
role of chlorine in dioxin formation, Process Safety Environ. Prot.,
78(B1), 47– 52.
Horrocks, L., M. Burton, P. Francis, and C. Oppenheimer (1999), Stable gas
plume composition measured by OP-FTIR spectroscopy at Masaya Volcano,
Nicaragua, 1998– 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(23), 3497– 3500.
Horwell, C. J., R. S. J. Sparks, T. S. Brewer, E. W. Llewellin, and B. J.
Williamson (2003a), Characterization of respirable volcanic ash from the
Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for human health
hazards, Bull. Volcanol., 65, 346–362.
Horwell, C. J., I. Fenoglio, K. V. Ragnarsdottir, R. S. J. Sparks, and
B. Fubini (2003b), Surface reactivity of volcanic ash from the eruption
of Soufrie`re Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for health hazards,
Environ. Res., 93, 202–215.
Jaenicke, R. (1998), Atmospheric aerosol size distribution, in Atmospheric
Particles, edited by R. M. Harrison and R. E. van Grieken, pp. 1– 28,
John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
Love, S. P., F. Goff, D. Counce, C. Siebe, and H. Delgado (1998), Passive
infrared spectroscopy of the eruption plume at Popocate´petl volcano,
Mexico, Nature, 396, 563– 566.
Mark, D. (1998), Atmospheric aerosol sampling, in Atmospheric Particles,
edited by R. M. Harrison and R. E. van Grieken, pp. 29– 94, John Wiley,
Hoboken, N. J.
Mather, T. A., A. G. Allen, C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and A. J. S.
McGonigle (2003), Size-resolved characterisation of soluble ions in the
particles in the tropospheric plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua: Origins
and plume processing, J. Atmos. Chem., 46(3), 207– 237.
Mather, T. A., V. I. Tsanev, D. M. Pyle, A. J. S. McGonigle,
C. Oppenheimer, and A. G. Allen (2004), Characterization and evolution
of tropospheric plumes from Lascar and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004934.
Monna, F., A. Aiuppa, G. Dongarra`, and D. Varrica (1999), Pb isotope
composition in lichens and aerosols from Eastern Sicily: Insights into
the regional impact of volcanoes on the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
33, 2517– 2523.
Mori, T., K. Notsu, Y. Tohjima, and H. Wakita (1993), Remote detection of
HCl and SO2 in volcanic gas from Unzen volcano, Japan, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 20, 1355–1358.
Notcutt, G., and F. Davies (1989), Accumulation of volcanogenic fluoride
by vegetation: Mt. Etna, Sicily, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 39, 329–
333.
Oppenheimer, C., D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay (2003), Volcanic Degassing,
Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 213, 432 pp.
Platt, U. (1999), Modern methods of the measurement of atmospheric trace
gases, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5409–5415.
Pope, C. A., III, J. Schwartz, and M. Ransom (1992), Daily mortality and
PM10 pollution in Utah Valley, Arch. Environ. Health, 42, 211– 217.
Schwartz, J., D. W. Dockery, and L. M. Neas (1996), Is daily mortality
associated specifically with fine particles?, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.,
46, 927–939.
Shinohara, H. (2005), A new technique to estimate volcanic gas composition:
Plume measurements with a portable multi-sensor system, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 143, 319– 333.
Smirnov, V. V., T. N. Rostovshchikova, I. G. Tarkhanova, I. N. Novikov,
V. B. Barabash, and I. A. Nasyr (1993), Reactions in liquid hydrogen
chloride. 1. Chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons, Kinet. Catalysis,
34(2), 204– 206.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the
correlation spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events,
edited by H. Tazieff and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425 – 444, Elsevier, New
York.
Tanguy, J. C., M. Condomines, and G. Kieffer (1997), Evolution of the
Mount Etna magma: Constraints on the present feeding system and eruptive
mechanism, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 75, 221– 250.
Watson, I. M., and C. Oppenheimer (2000), Particle size distributions of
Mount Etna’s aerosol plume constrained by Sun photometry, J. Geophys.
Res., 105(D8), 9823– 9829.
Watson, I. M., and C. Oppenheimer (2001), Photometric observations of
Mt. Etna’s different aerosol plumes, Atmos. Environ., 35(21), 3561 –
3572.
Yin, J., A. G. Allen, R. M. Harrison, S. G. Jennings, E. Wright,
M. Fitzpatrick, T. Healy, E. Barry, D. Ceburnis, and D. McCusker
(2005), Major component composition of urban PM10 and PM2.5 in Ireland,
Atmos. Res., 78, 149–165.
Zhang, L., S. Gong, J. Padro, and L. Barrie (2001), A size-segregated
particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos.
Environ., 35, 549– 560.
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