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Magnetic properties of atmospheric particulate matter from automatic air sampler stations in Latium (Italy): Toward a definition of magnetic fingerprints for natural and anthropogenic PM10 sources
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
111(2006)
Pages (printed)
B12S22
Issued date
2006
Keywords
Abstract
Environmental problems linked to the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter
with dimensions less than 10 mm (PM10) in urban settings have stimulated a variety of
scientific researches. This study reports a systematic analysis of the magnetic properties of
PM10 samples collected by six automatic stations installed for air quality monitoring
through the Latium Region (Italy). We measured the low-field magnetic susceptibility of
daily air filters collected during the period July 2004 to July 2005. For each station, we
derived an empirical linear correlation linking magnetic susceptibility to the concentration
of PM10 produced by local sources (i.e., in absence of significant inputs of exogenous
dust). An experimental approach is suggested for estimating the percentage of
nonmagnetic PM10 transported from natural far-sided sources (i.e., dust from North Africa
and marine aerosols). Moreover, we carried out a variety of additional magnetic
measurements to investigate the magnetic mineralogy of selected air filters spanning
representative periods. The results indicate that the magnetic fraction of PM10 is composed
by a mixture of low-coercivity, magnetite-like, ferrimagnetic particles with a wide
spectrum of grain sizes, related to a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. The
natural component of PM10 has a characteristic magnetic signature that is
indistinguishable from that of eolian dust. The anthropogenic PM10 fraction is mostly
originated from circulating vehicles and is a mixture of prevailing fine superparamagnetic
particles and subordinate large multidomain grains; the former are more directly related to
exhaust, whereas the latter may be associated to abrasion of metallic parts.
with dimensions less than 10 mm (PM10) in urban settings have stimulated a variety of
scientific researches. This study reports a systematic analysis of the magnetic properties of
PM10 samples collected by six automatic stations installed for air quality monitoring
through the Latium Region (Italy). We measured the low-field magnetic susceptibility of
daily air filters collected during the period July 2004 to July 2005. For each station, we
derived an empirical linear correlation linking magnetic susceptibility to the concentration
of PM10 produced by local sources (i.e., in absence of significant inputs of exogenous
dust). An experimental approach is suggested for estimating the percentage of
nonmagnetic PM10 transported from natural far-sided sources (i.e., dust from North Africa
and marine aerosols). Moreover, we carried out a variety of additional magnetic
measurements to investigate the magnetic mineralogy of selected air filters spanning
representative periods. The results indicate that the magnetic fraction of PM10 is composed
by a mixture of low-coercivity, magnetite-like, ferrimagnetic particles with a wide
spectrum of grain sizes, related to a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. The
natural component of PM10 has a characteristic magnetic signature that is
indistinguishable from that of eolian dust. The anthropogenic PM10 fraction is mostly
originated from circulating vehicles and is a mixture of prevailing fine superparamagnetic
particles and subordinate large multidomain grains; the former are more directly related to
exhaust, whereas the latter may be associated to abrasion of metallic parts.
References
Avila, A., I. Queralt-Mitjans, and M. Alarcon (1997), Mineralogical composition
of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain,
J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,977– 21,996.
Caquineau, S., A. Gaudichet, L. Gomes, and M. Legrand (2002), Mineralogy
of Saharan dust transported over northwestern tropical Atlantic
Ocean in relation to source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4251,
doi:10.1029/2000JD000247.
Cisowski, S. (1981), Interacting vs. non-interacting single-domain behavior
in natural and synthetic samples, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 26, 77– 83.
Day, R., M. D. Fuller, and V. A. Schmidt (1977), Hysteresis properties of
titanomagnetites: Grain size and composition dependence, Phys. Earth
Planet. Inter., 13, 260– 266.
Dunlop, D. J. (2002a), Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms
versus Hcr/Hc): 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(B3), 2056, doi:10.1029/2001JB000486.
Dunlop, D. J. (2002b), Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms
versus Hcr/Hc): 2. Application to data for rocks, sediments, and soils,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(B3), 2057, doi:10.1029/2001JB000487.
Egli, R. (2003), Analysis of the field dependence of remanent magnetization
curves, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2081, doi:10.1029/2002JB002023.
Egli, R. (2004), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components
by analysis of remanence curves, 1. Unmixing natural sediments, Stud.
Geophys. Geod., 48, 391– 446.
Egli, R., and W. Lowrie (2002), Anhysteretic remanent magnetization of
fine magnetic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2209, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000671.
Flanders, P. (1999), Identifying fly ash at a distance from fossil fuel power
stations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 528– 532.
Flanders, P. J. (1994), Collection, measurement, and analysis of airborne
magnetic particulates from pollution in the environment, J. Appl. Phys.,
75, 5931– 5936.
Galassi, C., B. Ostro, F. Forastiere, S. Cattani, M. Martuzzi, and R. Bertolini
(2000), Exposure to PM10 in the eight major Italian cities and quantification
of the health effects, poster presented at the ISEE 2000 Meeting,
Buffalo, N. Y., 19 – 22 Aug. (Available online at http://www.who.dk/
document/hms/pm10.pdf)
Gautam, P., U. Blaha, E. Appel, and G. Neupane (2004), Environmental
magnetic approach towards the quantification of pollution in Kathmandu
urban area, Nepal, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 973–984.
Georgeaud, V. M., P. Rochette, J. P. Ambrosi, D. Vandamme, and
D. Williamson (1997), Relationship between heavy metals and magnetic
properties in a large polluted catchments: The Etang de Berre (south
France), Phys. Chem. Earth, 22, 211 – 214.
Goddu, S. R., E. Appel, D. Jordanova, and F. Wehland (2004), Magnetic
properties of road dust from Visakhapatnam (India) – relationship to
industrial pollution and road traffic, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 985– 995.
Go´mez-Paccard, M., G. McIntosh, V. Villasante, M. L. Osete, J. Rodriguez-
Ferna´ndez, and J. C. Go´mez-Sal (2004), Low-temperature and high magnetic
field measurements of atmospheric particulate matter, J. Magn.
Magn. Mater., 272, 2420– 2421.
Hanesch, M., R. Scholger, and D. Rey (2003), Mapping dust distribution
around an industrial site by measuring magnetic parameters of tree
leaves, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5125– 5133.
Harrison, R. M., and J. Yin (2000), Particulate matter in the atmosphere:
Which particle properties are important for its effect on health?, Sci. Total
Environ., 249, 85– 101.
Hoffmann, V., M. Knab, and E. Appel (1999), Magnetic susceptibility
mapping of roadside pollution, J. Geochem. Explor., 66, 313– 326.
Hunt, A., J. Jones, and F. Oldfield (1984), Magnetic measurements and
heavy metals in atmospheric particulates of anthropogenic origin, Sci.
Total Environ., 33, 129–139.
Liu, Q., M. J. Jackson, S. K. Banerjee, B. A. Maher, C. Deng, Y. Pan, and
R. Zhu (2004a), Mechanism of the magnetic susceptibility enhancements
of the Chinese loess, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B12107, doi:10.1029/
2004JB003249. Liu, Q., S. K. Banerjee, M. J. Jackson, C. Deng, Y. Pan, and Z. Rixiang
(2004b), New insights into partial oxidation model of magnetites and
thermal alteration of magnetic mineralogy of the Chinese loess in air,
Geophys. J. Int., 158, 506– 514.
Maher, B. A., R. Thompson, and M. W. Hounslow (1999), Introduction, in
Quaternary Climates, Environments and Magnetism, edited by B. A.
Maher and R. Thompson, pp. 1 – 48, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Matzka, J., and B. A. Maher (1999), Magnetic biomonitoring of roadside
tree leaves: Identification of spatial and temporal variations in vehiclederived
particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4565– 4569.
Moreno, E., L. Sagnotti, A. Winkler, J. Dinare`s-Turell, and A. Cascella
(2003), Biomonitoring of traffic air pollution in Rome using magnetic
properties of tree leaves, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2967– 2977.
Morris,W. A., J. K. Versteeg, D.W. Bryant, A. E. Legzdins, B. E. McCarry,
and H. X. Marvin (1995), Preliminary comparisons between mutagenic
and magnetic susceptibility of respirable airborne particle, Atmos.
Environ., 29, 3441–3450.
Muxworthy, A. R., J. Matzka, and N. Petersen (2001), Comparison of
magnetic parameters of urban atmospheric particulate matter with pollution
and meteorological data, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4379–4386.
Muxworthy, A. R., E. Schmidbauer, and N. Petersen (2002), Magnetic
properties and Mo¨ ssbauer spectra of urban atmospheric particulate
matter: A case study from Munich, Germany, Geophys. J. Int., 150,
558–570.
Muxworthy, A. R., J. Matzka, A. F. Davila, and N. Petersen (2003), Magnetic
signature of daily sampled urban atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ.,
37, 4163–4169.
Pike, C. R., A. P. Roberts, and K. L. Verosub (1999), Characterizing interactions
in fine magnetic particle systems using first order reversal curves,
J. Appl. Phys., 85, 6660–6667.
Pope, C. A., III, and D. W. Dockery (1999), Epidemiology of particle
effects, in Air Pollution and Health, edited by S. T. Holgate et al.,
pp. 673– 705, Elsevier, New York.
Regione Lazio (2005), Progetto Polveri Sottili, Relazione di sintesi, stato di
avanzamento al febbraio 2005, 56 pp., Rome, Feb.
Regione Lazio (2006), Progetto Polveri Sottili, final report, 266 pp., Rome,
Jan.
Roberts, A. P., C. R. Pike, and K. L. Verosub (2000), FORC diagrams: A
new tool for characterizing the magnetic properties of natural samples,
J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,461–28,475.
Sagnotti, L., P. Rochette, M. Jackson, F. Vadeboin, J. Dinare`s-Turell,
A. Winkler, and ‘‘Magnet’’ Science Team (2003), Inter-laboratory
calibration of low field and anhysteretic susceptibility measurements,
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 138, 25– 38.
Shilton, V. F., C. A. Booth, J. P. Smith, P. Giess, D. J. Mitchell, and C. D.
Williams (2005), Magnetic properties of urban street dust and their relationship
with organic matter content in the West Midlands, UK, Atmos.
Environ., 39, 3651– 3659.
Shu, J., J. A. Dearing, A. P. Morse, L. Z. Yu, and N. Yuan (2001), Determining
the sources of atmospheric particles in Shanghai, China, from
magnetic and geochemical properties, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2615– 2625.
Spassov, S., F. Heller, R. Kretzschmar, M. E. Evans, L. P. Yue, and D. K.
Nourgaliev (2003), Detrital and pedogenic mineral phases in loess/
paleosol sequence at Lingtai (Central Chinese Loess Plateau), Phys.
Earth Planet. Inter., 140, 255– 275.
Spassov, S., R. Egli, F. Heller, D. K. Nourgaliev, and J. Hannam (2004),
Magnetic quantification of urban pollution sources in atmospheric particulate
matter, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 555–564.
Urbat,M., E. Lehndorff, and L. Schwark (2004), Biomonitoring of air quality
in Cologne conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler–
part I: Magnetic properties, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3781– 3792.
Weber, S., P. Hoffmann, J. Ensling, A. N. Dedik, S. Weinbruch, G. Miehe,
P. Gutlich, and H. M. Ortner (2000), Characterization of iron compounds
from urban and rural aerosol sources, J. Aerosol Sci., 31(8), 987– 997.
Wichmann, H. E., and A. Peters (2000), Epidemiological evidence of the
effects of ultrafine particle exposure, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser.
A, 358, 2751–2769.
World Health Organization (2002), Health impact assessment of air
pollution in the eight major Italian cities, EURO/02/5040650, Geneva.
(Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e75492.pdf)
World Health Organization (2004), Particulate matter air pollution: How
it harms health, Fact Sheet EURO/04/05, Berlin, Copenhagen, Rome,
14 April. (Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/
fs0405e.pdf)
Xie, S., J. A. Dearing, and J. Bloemendal (2000), The organic content of
street dust in Liverpool, UK, and its association with dust magnetic
properties, Atmos. Environ., 34, 269–275.
R. Egli, Institute for Rock Magnetism, Newton Horace Winchell School
of Earth Sciences, 219 Shepard Laboratories, 100 Union Street S.E.,
Minneapolis, MN 55455-0128, USA.
P. Macrı` and L. Sagnotti, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy. (sagnotti@ingv.it)
M. Mondino, Regione Lazio, Viale del Tintoretto 430, I-00142 Rome,
Italy.
of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain,
J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,977– 21,996.
Caquineau, S., A. Gaudichet, L. Gomes, and M. Legrand (2002), Mineralogy
of Saharan dust transported over northwestern tropical Atlantic
Ocean in relation to source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4251,
doi:10.1029/2000JD000247.
Cisowski, S. (1981), Interacting vs. non-interacting single-domain behavior
in natural and synthetic samples, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 26, 77– 83.
Day, R., M. D. Fuller, and V. A. Schmidt (1977), Hysteresis properties of
titanomagnetites: Grain size and composition dependence, Phys. Earth
Planet. Inter., 13, 260– 266.
Dunlop, D. J. (2002a), Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms
versus Hcr/Hc): 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(B3), 2056, doi:10.1029/2001JB000486.
Dunlop, D. J. (2002b), Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms
versus Hcr/Hc): 2. Application to data for rocks, sediments, and soils,
J. Geophys. Res., 107(B3), 2057, doi:10.1029/2001JB000487.
Egli, R. (2003), Analysis of the field dependence of remanent magnetization
curves, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2081, doi:10.1029/2002JB002023.
Egli, R. (2004), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components
by analysis of remanence curves, 1. Unmixing natural sediments, Stud.
Geophys. Geod., 48, 391– 446.
Egli, R., and W. Lowrie (2002), Anhysteretic remanent magnetization of
fine magnetic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2209, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000671.
Flanders, P. (1999), Identifying fly ash at a distance from fossil fuel power
stations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 528– 532.
Flanders, P. J. (1994), Collection, measurement, and analysis of airborne
magnetic particulates from pollution in the environment, J. Appl. Phys.,
75, 5931– 5936.
Galassi, C., B. Ostro, F. Forastiere, S. Cattani, M. Martuzzi, and R. Bertolini
(2000), Exposure to PM10 in the eight major Italian cities and quantification
of the health effects, poster presented at the ISEE 2000 Meeting,
Buffalo, N. Y., 19 – 22 Aug. (Available online at http://www.who.dk/
document/hms/pm10.pdf)
Gautam, P., U. Blaha, E. Appel, and G. Neupane (2004), Environmental
magnetic approach towards the quantification of pollution in Kathmandu
urban area, Nepal, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 973–984.
Georgeaud, V. M., P. Rochette, J. P. Ambrosi, D. Vandamme, and
D. Williamson (1997), Relationship between heavy metals and magnetic
properties in a large polluted catchments: The Etang de Berre (south
France), Phys. Chem. Earth, 22, 211 – 214.
Goddu, S. R., E. Appel, D. Jordanova, and F. Wehland (2004), Magnetic
properties of road dust from Visakhapatnam (India) – relationship to
industrial pollution and road traffic, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 985– 995.
Go´mez-Paccard, M., G. McIntosh, V. Villasante, M. L. Osete, J. Rodriguez-
Ferna´ndez, and J. C. Go´mez-Sal (2004), Low-temperature and high magnetic
field measurements of atmospheric particulate matter, J. Magn.
Magn. Mater., 272, 2420– 2421.
Hanesch, M., R. Scholger, and D. Rey (2003), Mapping dust distribution
around an industrial site by measuring magnetic parameters of tree
leaves, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5125– 5133.
Harrison, R. M., and J. Yin (2000), Particulate matter in the atmosphere:
Which particle properties are important for its effect on health?, Sci. Total
Environ., 249, 85– 101.
Hoffmann, V., M. Knab, and E. Appel (1999), Magnetic susceptibility
mapping of roadside pollution, J. Geochem. Explor., 66, 313– 326.
Hunt, A., J. Jones, and F. Oldfield (1984), Magnetic measurements and
heavy metals in atmospheric particulates of anthropogenic origin, Sci.
Total Environ., 33, 129–139.
Liu, Q., M. J. Jackson, S. K. Banerjee, B. A. Maher, C. Deng, Y. Pan, and
R. Zhu (2004a), Mechanism of the magnetic susceptibility enhancements
of the Chinese loess, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B12107, doi:10.1029/
2004JB003249. Liu, Q., S. K. Banerjee, M. J. Jackson, C. Deng, Y. Pan, and Z. Rixiang
(2004b), New insights into partial oxidation model of magnetites and
thermal alteration of magnetic mineralogy of the Chinese loess in air,
Geophys. J. Int., 158, 506– 514.
Maher, B. A., R. Thompson, and M. W. Hounslow (1999), Introduction, in
Quaternary Climates, Environments and Magnetism, edited by B. A.
Maher and R. Thompson, pp. 1 – 48, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Matzka, J., and B. A. Maher (1999), Magnetic biomonitoring of roadside
tree leaves: Identification of spatial and temporal variations in vehiclederived
particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4565– 4569.
Moreno, E., L. Sagnotti, A. Winkler, J. Dinare`s-Turell, and A. Cascella
(2003), Biomonitoring of traffic air pollution in Rome using magnetic
properties of tree leaves, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2967– 2977.
Morris,W. A., J. K. Versteeg, D.W. Bryant, A. E. Legzdins, B. E. McCarry,
and H. X. Marvin (1995), Preliminary comparisons between mutagenic
and magnetic susceptibility of respirable airborne particle, Atmos.
Environ., 29, 3441–3450.
Muxworthy, A. R., J. Matzka, and N. Petersen (2001), Comparison of
magnetic parameters of urban atmospheric particulate matter with pollution
and meteorological data, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4379–4386.
Muxworthy, A. R., E. Schmidbauer, and N. Petersen (2002), Magnetic
properties and Mo¨ ssbauer spectra of urban atmospheric particulate
matter: A case study from Munich, Germany, Geophys. J. Int., 150,
558–570.
Muxworthy, A. R., J. Matzka, A. F. Davila, and N. Petersen (2003), Magnetic
signature of daily sampled urban atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ.,
37, 4163–4169.
Pike, C. R., A. P. Roberts, and K. L. Verosub (1999), Characterizing interactions
in fine magnetic particle systems using first order reversal curves,
J. Appl. Phys., 85, 6660–6667.
Pope, C. A., III, and D. W. Dockery (1999), Epidemiology of particle
effects, in Air Pollution and Health, edited by S. T. Holgate et al.,
pp. 673– 705, Elsevier, New York.
Regione Lazio (2005), Progetto Polveri Sottili, Relazione di sintesi, stato di
avanzamento al febbraio 2005, 56 pp., Rome, Feb.
Regione Lazio (2006), Progetto Polveri Sottili, final report, 266 pp., Rome,
Jan.
Roberts, A. P., C. R. Pike, and K. L. Verosub (2000), FORC diagrams: A
new tool for characterizing the magnetic properties of natural samples,
J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,461–28,475.
Sagnotti, L., P. Rochette, M. Jackson, F. Vadeboin, J. Dinare`s-Turell,
A. Winkler, and ‘‘Magnet’’ Science Team (2003), Inter-laboratory
calibration of low field and anhysteretic susceptibility measurements,
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 138, 25– 38.
Shilton, V. F., C. A. Booth, J. P. Smith, P. Giess, D. J. Mitchell, and C. D.
Williams (2005), Magnetic properties of urban street dust and their relationship
with organic matter content in the West Midlands, UK, Atmos.
Environ., 39, 3651– 3659.
Shu, J., J. A. Dearing, A. P. Morse, L. Z. Yu, and N. Yuan (2001), Determining
the sources of atmospheric particles in Shanghai, China, from
magnetic and geochemical properties, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2615– 2625.
Spassov, S., F. Heller, R. Kretzschmar, M. E. Evans, L. P. Yue, and D. K.
Nourgaliev (2003), Detrital and pedogenic mineral phases in loess/
paleosol sequence at Lingtai (Central Chinese Loess Plateau), Phys.
Earth Planet. Inter., 140, 255– 275.
Spassov, S., R. Egli, F. Heller, D. K. Nourgaliev, and J. Hannam (2004),
Magnetic quantification of urban pollution sources in atmospheric particulate
matter, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 555–564.
Urbat,M., E. Lehndorff, and L. Schwark (2004), Biomonitoring of air quality
in Cologne conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler–
part I: Magnetic properties, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3781– 3792.
Weber, S., P. Hoffmann, J. Ensling, A. N. Dedik, S. Weinbruch, G. Miehe,
P. Gutlich, and H. M. Ortner (2000), Characterization of iron compounds
from urban and rural aerosol sources, J. Aerosol Sci., 31(8), 987– 997.
Wichmann, H. E., and A. Peters (2000), Epidemiological evidence of the
effects of ultrafine particle exposure, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser.
A, 358, 2751–2769.
World Health Organization (2002), Health impact assessment of air
pollution in the eight major Italian cities, EURO/02/5040650, Geneva.
(Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e75492.pdf)
World Health Organization (2004), Particulate matter air pollution: How
it harms health, Fact Sheet EURO/04/05, Berlin, Copenhagen, Rome,
14 April. (Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/
fs0405e.pdf)
Xie, S., J. A. Dearing, and J. Bloemendal (2000), The organic content of
street dust in Liverpool, UK, and its association with dust magnetic
properties, Atmos. Environ., 34, 269–275.
R. Egli, Institute for Rock Magnetism, Newton Horace Winchell School
of Earth Sciences, 219 Shepard Laboratories, 100 Union Street S.E.,
Minneapolis, MN 55455-0128, USA.
P. Macrı` and L. Sagnotti, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy. (sagnotti@ingv.it)
M. Mondino, Regione Lazio, Viale del Tintoretto 430, I-00142 Rome,
Italy.
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