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Unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): a critical evaluation of source parameters from geodetic data inversion
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/150 (2006)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
132– 145
Issued date
2006
Alternative Location
Abstract
We have analysed the deformation documented during unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy, between 1981 and 2001. Via
inverse modelling, we constrain the location, geometry and size of the source responsible for the continuing period of surface
deformation.We present a critical re-evaluation of results from previously published models and for the first time invert post-1994
data to infer source parameters. Our evaluation is based on constraints from additional horizontal displacement data, mechanical
properties of the country rocks, effects of volcanic surface loading and on other geophysical and geochemical observations.
We invert leveling and tide-gauge data for a spherical point (Mogi-model) source, a penny-shaped crack and finally a prolate
spheroid. Despite the good qualities of fit of both the Mogi-model and the penny-shaped source to the vertical displacement data,
our critical evaluation of the implied source properties forces us to reject these models. We propose instead a vertical prolate
spheroid located about 800 m East of Pozzuoli at a depth of 2.9 km (95% confidence bound 2.0 to 4.2 km) with an aspect ratio of
0.51 (95% bounds 0.37–0.69) as a more appropriate source model. This model best accounts for the criteria employed and the
observed deformation between 1981 and 2001. Combined with results from the inversion of gravity change data (1982–1984) for
the spheroidal source, we infer a hybrid nature of the source including both magmatic and hydrothermal components.
inverse modelling, we constrain the location, geometry and size of the source responsible for the continuing period of surface
deformation.We present a critical re-evaluation of results from previously published models and for the first time invert post-1994
data to infer source parameters. Our evaluation is based on constraints from additional horizontal displacement data, mechanical
properties of the country rocks, effects of volcanic surface loading and on other geophysical and geochemical observations.
We invert leveling and tide-gauge data for a spherical point (Mogi-model) source, a penny-shaped crack and finally a prolate
spheroid. Despite the good qualities of fit of both the Mogi-model and the penny-shaped source to the vertical displacement data,
our critical evaluation of the implied source properties forces us to reject these models. We propose instead a vertical prolate
spheroid located about 800 m East of Pozzuoli at a depth of 2.9 km (95% confidence bound 2.0 to 4.2 km) with an aspect ratio of
0.51 (95% bounds 0.37–0.69) as a more appropriate source model. This model best accounts for the criteria employed and the
observed deformation between 1981 and 2001. Combined with results from the inversion of gravity change data (1982–1984) for
the spheroidal source, we infer a hybrid nature of the source including both magmatic and hydrothermal components.
References
Aster, R.C., Meyer, R.P., 1988. Three dimensional velocity structure
and hypocentre distribution in the Campi Flegrei caldera Italy.
Tectonophysics 149, 195– 218.
Avallone, A., Zollo, A., Briole, P., Delacourt, C., Beauducel, F., 1999.
Subsidence of Campi Flegrei (Italy) detected by SAR interferometry.
Geophysical Research Letters 26 (15), 2303– 2306.
Battaglia, M., Segall, P., Murray, J., Cervelli, P., Langbein, J., 2003.
The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California: 1.
Modeling the geometry of the source using GPS, leveling and
two-color EDM data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 127 (3–4), 195– 217.
Berrino, G., 1994. Gravity changes induced by height–mass variations
at the Campi Flegrei Caldera. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 61 (3–4), 293– 309.
Berrino, G., 1998. Detection of vertical ground movements by sealevel
changes in the Neapolitan volcanoes. Tectonophysics 294
(3–4), 323– 332.
Berrino, G., Corrado, G., Luongo, G., Toro, B., 1984. Ground
deformation and gravity changes accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli
uplift. Bulletin of Volcanology 47 (2), 188–200.
Berrino, G., Corrado, G., Riccardi, U., 1998. Sea gravity data in the
Gulf of Naples: a contribution to delineating the structural
pattern of the Vesuvian area. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 82 (1–4), 139– 150.
Bevington, P.R., Robinson, D.K., 1992. Data Reduction and Error
Analysis for the Physical Sciences. Mc Graw-Hill, New York.
102 pp.
Beauducel, F., de Natale, G., Obrizzo, F., Pingue, F., 2004. 3-D
modelling of Campi Flegrei ground deformations: role of caldera
boundary discontinuities. Pure and Applied Geophysics
161, 1329–1344. doi:10.1007/S00024-004-2507-4.
Bianchi, R., Coradini, A., Fereico, C., Giberti, G., Lanciano, P.,
Pozzi, J., Sartoris, P., Scandone, G., 1987. Modeling of surface
deformation in volcanic areas: the 1970–1972 and 1982–1984
crises at Campi Flegrei, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research
92, 14139–14150.
Bonafede, M., Mazzanti, M., 1998. Modelling gravity variations
consistent with ground deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
81 (1–2), 137– 157.
Bonasia, V., Pingue, F., Scarpa, R., 1984. A fluid filled fracture as
possible mechanism of ground deformation. Bulletin of Volcanology
47, 313–320.
Cassano, E., La Torre, P., 1987. Geophysics. In: Rosi, M., Sbrana,
A. (Eds.), Phlegrean Fields. Quaderni de la Ricerca Scientifica,
pp. 103– 131.
Chelini, W., Sbrana, A., 1987. Subsurface geology. In: Rosi, M.,
Sbrana, A. (Eds.), Phlegrean Fields. Quaderni de la Ricerca
Scientifica, pp. 94–102.
Corrado, G., Guerra, I., Lo Bascio, A., Luongo, G., Rampoldi, F.,
1977. Inflation and microearthquake activity of Phlegraean
fields, Italy. Bulletin of Volcanology 40 (3), 169– 188.
De Natale, G., Petrazzuoli, S.M., Pingue, F., 1997. The effect of
collapse structures on ground deformation in calderas. Geophysical
Research Letters 24, 1555– 1558.
Di Vito, M., Lirer, L., Mastrolorenzo, G., Rolandi, G., 1987. The
1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei Italy). Bulletin of
Volcanology 49, 608– 645.
Di Vito, M.M., Isaia, R., Orsi, G., Southon, J., de Vita, S.,
D’Antonio, M., Pappalardo, L., Piochi, M., 1999. Volcanism
and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei
caldera (Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 91, 221– 246.
Dietrich, J.H., Decker, R.W., 1975. Finite element modeling of
surface deformation associated with volcanism. Journal of Geophysical
Research 80 (29), 4094– 4106.
Dragoni, M., Magnanensi, C., 1989. Displacement and stress produced
by a pressurized, spherical magma chamber, surrounded
by a viscoelastic shell. Physics of the Earth and Planetary
Interiors 56 (3–4), 316–328.
Dvorak, J.J., Berrino, G., 1991. Recent ground movements and
seismic activity in Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy: episodic
growth of a resurgent dome. Journal of Geophysical Research
96(B), 2309– 2323.
Dvorak, J.J., Gasparini, P., 1991. History of earthquakes and vertical
ground movement in Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy;
comparison of precursory events to the A. D. 1538 eruption
of Monte Nuovo and of activity since 1968. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research 48, 77–92.
Efron, B., Tibshirani, R., 1986. Bootstrap methods for standard
errors, confidence intervals, and other methods of statistical
accuracy. Statistical Science 1 (1), 54– 77.
Fernandez, J., Tiampo, K.F., Rundle, J.B., 2001. Viscoelastic displacement
and gravity changes due to point magmatic intrusions
in a gravitational layered solid earth. Geophysical Journal International
146, 155–170.
Fialko, Y., Khazan, Y., Simons, M., 2001a. Deformation due to a
pressurized horizontal circular crack in an elastic half-space,
with applications to volcano geodesy. Geophysical Journal
International 146, 181–191.
Fialko, Y., Simons, M., Khazan, Y., 2001b. Finite source modeling
of magmatic unrest in Socorro, New Mexico, and Long Valley
California. Geophysical Journal International 146, 191– 200.
Folch, A., Marti, J., 1998. The generation of overpressure in felsic
magma chambers by replenishment. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 163, 301– 314.
Gaeta, F.S., Peluso, F., Arienzo, I., Castagnolo, D., De Natale, G.,
Milano, G., Albanese, C., Mita, D.G., 2003. A physical appraisal
of a new aspect of bradyseism: the miniuplifts. Journal of Geophysical
Research 108 (B8, 2363). doi:10.1029/2002JB001913.
Gottsmann, J., Berrino, G., Rymer, H., Williams-Jones, G., 2003.
Hazard assessment during caldera unrest at the Campi Flegrei,
Italy: a contribution from gravity–height gradients. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 211 (3–4), 295–309.
Gottsmann, J., Rymer, H., Berrino, G., 2004. Probing the source for
caldera unrest at the Campi Flegrei (Italy) 1981–2001: a contribution
from geodetic and gravity data inversion. Proceedings
of the IAVCEI General Assembly, Pucon, Chile. s08b_om_06.
Hagiwara, Y., 1977. The Mogi model as a possible cause of the
crustal uplift in the eastern part of the Izu Peninsula and the
related gravity change. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research
Institute, Tokyo University 52, 301– 309 (in Japanese).
Lundgren, P., Usai, S., Sansosti, E., Lanari, R., Tesauro, M., Fornaro,
G., Berardino, P., 2001. Modeling surface deformation
observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi
Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (B9),
19355– 19366.
Martini, M., 1986. Thermal activity and ground deformation at
Phlegrean Fields, Italy: precursors of eruptions or fluctuations
of quiescent volcanism? A contribution of geochemical studies.
Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (12), 225– 260.
Martini, M., Giannini, L., Buccianti, A., Prati, F., Legittimo, P.C.,
Iozelli, P., Capaccioni, B., 1991. Ten years of geochemical
investigation at Phlegrean Fields (Italy): 1980–1990. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 48, 161–171.
McTigue, D.F., 1987. Elastic stress and deformation near a finite
spherical magma body: resolution of the point source paradox.
Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 12931– 12940.
Mogi, K., 1958. Relations between eruptions of various volcanoes
and the deformations of the ground surfaces around them.
Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 36, 99–134.
Newman, A.V., Dixon, T.H., Ofoegbu, G.I., Dixon, J.E., 2001.
Geodetic and seismic constraints on recent activity at LongValley
Caldera, California: evidence for viscoelastic rheology. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 105 (3), 183–206.
Orsi, G., D’ Antonio, M., de Vita, S., Gallo, G., 1992. The Neapolitan
yellow tuff, a large-magnitude trachytic phreatoplinian
eruption; eruptive dynamics, magma withdrawal and caldera
collapse. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 53
(1–4), 275– 287.
Orsi, G., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M., 1996. The restless, resurgent
Campi Flegrei nested caldera (Italy): constraints on its evolution
and configuration. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 74, 179– 214.
Parascondola, A., 1947. I fenomeni bradisismici del Sarapeo di
Pozzuoli. Genovese, Naples.
Pinel, V., Jaupart, C., 2003. Magma chamber behavior beneath a
volcanic edifice. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B2).
doi:10.1029/2002JB001751.
Rosi, M., Sbrana, A., Principe, C., 1983. The Phlegraean fields;
structural evolution, volcanic history and eruptive mechanisms.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 17 (1–4),
273– 288.
Tedesco, D., Pece, R., Sabroux, J.C., 1988. No evidence of a new
magmatic gas contribution to the Solfatara volcanic gases, during
the bradyseismic crises at Campi Flegrei. Geophysical
Research Letters 15, 1441– 1444.
Tiampo, K.F., Rundle, J.B., Fernandez, J., Langbein, J.O., 2000.
Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera,
California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 102 (3–4),
189– 206.
Vanorio, T., Prasad, M., Nur, A., 2003. Elastic properties of dry clay
mineral aggregates, suspensions and sandstones. Geophysical
Journal International 155 (1), 319– 326.
Vanorio, T., Virieux, J., Zollo, A., Capuano, P., Russo, G., 2004.
Combining study on 3-D seismic tomography from P- and Smicroearthquakes
traveltimes and rock physics properties characterization
in the Campi Flegrei Caldera. Geophysical Research
Abstracts 6 (EGU04-A-02729).
Vanorio, T., Virieux, J., Capuano, P., Russo, G., 2005. Threedimensional
seismic tomography from P wave and S wave
microearthquake travel times and rock physics characterization
of the Campi Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research
110 (B03201). doi:10.1029/2004JB003102.
Wohletz, K., Civetta, L., Orsi, G., 1999. Thermal evolution of the
Phlegrean magmatic system. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 91 (2–4), 381– 414.
Yang, X.-M., Davis, P., Dietrich, J.H., 1988. Deformation from
inflation of a dipping finite prolate spheroid in an elastic halfspace
as a model for volcanic stressing. Journal of Geophysical
Research 93, 4249– 4257.
and hypocentre distribution in the Campi Flegrei caldera Italy.
Tectonophysics 149, 195– 218.
Avallone, A., Zollo, A., Briole, P., Delacourt, C., Beauducel, F., 1999.
Subsidence of Campi Flegrei (Italy) detected by SAR interferometry.
Geophysical Research Letters 26 (15), 2303– 2306.
Battaglia, M., Segall, P., Murray, J., Cervelli, P., Langbein, J., 2003.
The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California: 1.
Modeling the geometry of the source using GPS, leveling and
two-color EDM data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 127 (3–4), 195– 217.
Berrino, G., 1994. Gravity changes induced by height–mass variations
at the Campi Flegrei Caldera. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 61 (3–4), 293– 309.
Berrino, G., 1998. Detection of vertical ground movements by sealevel
changes in the Neapolitan volcanoes. Tectonophysics 294
(3–4), 323– 332.
Berrino, G., Corrado, G., Luongo, G., Toro, B., 1984. Ground
deformation and gravity changes accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli
uplift. Bulletin of Volcanology 47 (2), 188–200.
Berrino, G., Corrado, G., Riccardi, U., 1998. Sea gravity data in the
Gulf of Naples: a contribution to delineating the structural
pattern of the Vesuvian area. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 82 (1–4), 139– 150.
Bevington, P.R., Robinson, D.K., 1992. Data Reduction and Error
Analysis for the Physical Sciences. Mc Graw-Hill, New York.
102 pp.
Beauducel, F., de Natale, G., Obrizzo, F., Pingue, F., 2004. 3-D
modelling of Campi Flegrei ground deformations: role of caldera
boundary discontinuities. Pure and Applied Geophysics
161, 1329–1344. doi:10.1007/S00024-004-2507-4.
Bianchi, R., Coradini, A., Fereico, C., Giberti, G., Lanciano, P.,
Pozzi, J., Sartoris, P., Scandone, G., 1987. Modeling of surface
deformation in volcanic areas: the 1970–1972 and 1982–1984
crises at Campi Flegrei, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research
92, 14139–14150.
Bonafede, M., Mazzanti, M., 1998. Modelling gravity variations
consistent with ground deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
81 (1–2), 137– 157.
Bonasia, V., Pingue, F., Scarpa, R., 1984. A fluid filled fracture as
possible mechanism of ground deformation. Bulletin of Volcanology
47, 313–320.
Cassano, E., La Torre, P., 1987. Geophysics. In: Rosi, M., Sbrana,
A. (Eds.), Phlegrean Fields. Quaderni de la Ricerca Scientifica,
pp. 103– 131.
Chelini, W., Sbrana, A., 1987. Subsurface geology. In: Rosi, M.,
Sbrana, A. (Eds.), Phlegrean Fields. Quaderni de la Ricerca
Scientifica, pp. 94–102.
Corrado, G., Guerra, I., Lo Bascio, A., Luongo, G., Rampoldi, F.,
1977. Inflation and microearthquake activity of Phlegraean
fields, Italy. Bulletin of Volcanology 40 (3), 169– 188.
De Natale, G., Petrazzuoli, S.M., Pingue, F., 1997. The effect of
collapse structures on ground deformation in calderas. Geophysical
Research Letters 24, 1555– 1558.
Di Vito, M., Lirer, L., Mastrolorenzo, G., Rolandi, G., 1987. The
1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei Italy). Bulletin of
Volcanology 49, 608– 645.
Di Vito, M.M., Isaia, R., Orsi, G., Southon, J., de Vita, S.,
D’Antonio, M., Pappalardo, L., Piochi, M., 1999. Volcanism
and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei
caldera (Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 91, 221– 246.
Dietrich, J.H., Decker, R.W., 1975. Finite element modeling of
surface deformation associated with volcanism. Journal of Geophysical
Research 80 (29), 4094– 4106.
Dragoni, M., Magnanensi, C., 1989. Displacement and stress produced
by a pressurized, spherical magma chamber, surrounded
by a viscoelastic shell. Physics of the Earth and Planetary
Interiors 56 (3–4), 316–328.
Dvorak, J.J., Berrino, G., 1991. Recent ground movements and
seismic activity in Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy: episodic
growth of a resurgent dome. Journal of Geophysical Research
96(B), 2309– 2323.
Dvorak, J.J., Gasparini, P., 1991. History of earthquakes and vertical
ground movement in Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy;
comparison of precursory events to the A. D. 1538 eruption
of Monte Nuovo and of activity since 1968. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research 48, 77–92.
Efron, B., Tibshirani, R., 1986. Bootstrap methods for standard
errors, confidence intervals, and other methods of statistical
accuracy. Statistical Science 1 (1), 54– 77.
Fernandez, J., Tiampo, K.F., Rundle, J.B., 2001. Viscoelastic displacement
and gravity changes due to point magmatic intrusions
in a gravitational layered solid earth. Geophysical Journal International
146, 155–170.
Fialko, Y., Khazan, Y., Simons, M., 2001a. Deformation due to a
pressurized horizontal circular crack in an elastic half-space,
with applications to volcano geodesy. Geophysical Journal
International 146, 181–191.
Fialko, Y., Simons, M., Khazan, Y., 2001b. Finite source modeling
of magmatic unrest in Socorro, New Mexico, and Long Valley
California. Geophysical Journal International 146, 191– 200.
Folch, A., Marti, J., 1998. The generation of overpressure in felsic
magma chambers by replenishment. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 163, 301– 314.
Gaeta, F.S., Peluso, F., Arienzo, I., Castagnolo, D., De Natale, G.,
Milano, G., Albanese, C., Mita, D.G., 2003. A physical appraisal
of a new aspect of bradyseism: the miniuplifts. Journal of Geophysical
Research 108 (B8, 2363). doi:10.1029/2002JB001913.
Gottsmann, J., Berrino, G., Rymer, H., Williams-Jones, G., 2003.
Hazard assessment during caldera unrest at the Campi Flegrei,
Italy: a contribution from gravity–height gradients. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 211 (3–4), 295–309.
Gottsmann, J., Rymer, H., Berrino, G., 2004. Probing the source for
caldera unrest at the Campi Flegrei (Italy) 1981–2001: a contribution
from geodetic and gravity data inversion. Proceedings
of the IAVCEI General Assembly, Pucon, Chile. s08b_om_06.
Hagiwara, Y., 1977. The Mogi model as a possible cause of the
crustal uplift in the eastern part of the Izu Peninsula and the
related gravity change. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research
Institute, Tokyo University 52, 301– 309 (in Japanese).
Lundgren, P., Usai, S., Sansosti, E., Lanari, R., Tesauro, M., Fornaro,
G., Berardino, P., 2001. Modeling surface deformation
observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi
Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (B9),
19355– 19366.
Martini, M., 1986. Thermal activity and ground deformation at
Phlegrean Fields, Italy: precursors of eruptions or fluctuations
of quiescent volcanism? A contribution of geochemical studies.
Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (12), 225– 260.
Martini, M., Giannini, L., Buccianti, A., Prati, F., Legittimo, P.C.,
Iozelli, P., Capaccioni, B., 1991. Ten years of geochemical
investigation at Phlegrean Fields (Italy): 1980–1990. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 48, 161–171.
McTigue, D.F., 1987. Elastic stress and deformation near a finite
spherical magma body: resolution of the point source paradox.
Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 12931– 12940.
Mogi, K., 1958. Relations between eruptions of various volcanoes
and the deformations of the ground surfaces around them.
Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 36, 99–134.
Newman, A.V., Dixon, T.H., Ofoegbu, G.I., Dixon, J.E., 2001.
Geodetic and seismic constraints on recent activity at LongValley
Caldera, California: evidence for viscoelastic rheology. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 105 (3), 183–206.
Orsi, G., D’ Antonio, M., de Vita, S., Gallo, G., 1992. The Neapolitan
yellow tuff, a large-magnitude trachytic phreatoplinian
eruption; eruptive dynamics, magma withdrawal and caldera
collapse. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 53
(1–4), 275– 287.
Orsi, G., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M., 1996. The restless, resurgent
Campi Flegrei nested caldera (Italy): constraints on its evolution
and configuration. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 74, 179– 214.
Parascondola, A., 1947. I fenomeni bradisismici del Sarapeo di
Pozzuoli. Genovese, Naples.
Pinel, V., Jaupart, C., 2003. Magma chamber behavior beneath a
volcanic edifice. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B2).
doi:10.1029/2002JB001751.
Rosi, M., Sbrana, A., Principe, C., 1983. The Phlegraean fields;
structural evolution, volcanic history and eruptive mechanisms.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 17 (1–4),
273– 288.
Tedesco, D., Pece, R., Sabroux, J.C., 1988. No evidence of a new
magmatic gas contribution to the Solfatara volcanic gases, during
the bradyseismic crises at Campi Flegrei. Geophysical
Research Letters 15, 1441– 1444.
Tiampo, K.F., Rundle, J.B., Fernandez, J., Langbein, J.O., 2000.
Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera,
California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 102 (3–4),
189– 206.
Vanorio, T., Prasad, M., Nur, A., 2003. Elastic properties of dry clay
mineral aggregates, suspensions and sandstones. Geophysical
Journal International 155 (1), 319– 326.
Vanorio, T., Virieux, J., Zollo, A., Capuano, P., Russo, G., 2004.
Combining study on 3-D seismic tomography from P- and Smicroearthquakes
traveltimes and rock physics properties characterization
in the Campi Flegrei Caldera. Geophysical Research
Abstracts 6 (EGU04-A-02729).
Vanorio, T., Virieux, J., Capuano, P., Russo, G., 2005. Threedimensional
seismic tomography from P wave and S wave
microearthquake travel times and rock physics characterization
of the Campi Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research
110 (B03201). doi:10.1029/2004JB003102.
Wohletz, K., Civetta, L., Orsi, G., 1999. Thermal evolution of the
Phlegrean magmatic system. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 91 (2–4), 381– 414.
Yang, X.-M., Davis, P., Dietrich, J.H., 1988. Deformation from
inflation of a dipping finite prolate spheroid in an elastic halfspace
as a model for volcanic stressing. Journal of Geophysical
Research 93, 4249– 4257.
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