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Understanding shallow magma emplacement at volcanoes: orthogonal feeder dikes during the 2002-2003 Stromboli (Italy) eruption
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/33 (2006)
Publisher
AGU
Pages (printed)
L17310
Issued date
2006
Keywords
Abstract
Understanding how shallow magma is emplaced
within volcanoes is crucial for hazard assessment. The
2002–2003 Stromboli eruption provides the opportunity to
investigate shallow magma emplacement resulting from
orthogonal feeder dikes and its possible effects. Stromboli
erupted in 2002–2003, when effusive activity replaced
Strombolian activity. On December 28, a NE-SW fissure
propagated from the lava-filled northernmost summit crater.
On December 29, a NW-SE fissure propagated north of the
craters, feeding NW-SE aligned vents. On December 30,
this area collapsed, reaching the sea and generating a
tsunami. In mid February 2003, the NW-SE fissure became
inactive, while the NE-SW effusive fissure continued until
July. A model for shallow magma emplacement is proposed.
The lateral propagation of a NE-SW dike from the
northernmost crater was triggered. Below, a NW-SE dike,
propagating from the magma-filled NE tip of the NE-SW
elongated conduit, fed the NW-SE aligned vents. In
February, the conduit periphery became solidified,
freezing the NW-SE dike, and the transport of magma
was limited to the central part, focusing its rise below the
craters. This fed the NE-SW fissure until the supply
decreased further (July), returning to the ordinary level
sustaining Strombolian activity. Orthogonal dike
emplacement followed the trajectories of the maximum
(gravitational) stress s1, partly controlled by the irregular
topography of the uppermost edifice. The emplacement of
orthogonal dikes in a limited area is feasible at non-perfectly
conical active volcanoes, where the maximum gravitational
stress may show variations from a purely radial path.
within volcanoes is crucial for hazard assessment. The
2002–2003 Stromboli eruption provides the opportunity to
investigate shallow magma emplacement resulting from
orthogonal feeder dikes and its possible effects. Stromboli
erupted in 2002–2003, when effusive activity replaced
Strombolian activity. On December 28, a NE-SW fissure
propagated from the lava-filled northernmost summit crater.
On December 29, a NW-SE fissure propagated north of the
craters, feeding NW-SE aligned vents. On December 30,
this area collapsed, reaching the sea and generating a
tsunami. In mid February 2003, the NW-SE fissure became
inactive, while the NE-SW effusive fissure continued until
July. A model for shallow magma emplacement is proposed.
The lateral propagation of a NE-SW dike from the
northernmost crater was triggered. Below, a NW-SE dike,
propagating from the magma-filled NE tip of the NE-SW
elongated conduit, fed the NW-SE aligned vents. In
February, the conduit periphery became solidified,
freezing the NW-SE dike, and the transport of magma
was limited to the central part, focusing its rise below the
craters. This fed the NE-SW fissure until the supply
decreased further (July), returning to the ordinary level
sustaining Strombolian activity. Orthogonal dike
emplacement followed the trajectories of the maximum
(gravitational) stress s1, partly controlled by the irregular
topography of the uppermost edifice. The emplacement of
orthogonal dikes in a limited area is feasible at non-perfectly
conical active volcanoes, where the maximum gravitational
stress may show variations from a purely radial path.
References
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collapse: A general model tested at Stromboli, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
32, L08308, doi:10.1029/2004GL022248.
Billi, A.,V. Acocella, R. Funiciello, G. Giordano, G. Lanzafame, and M. Neri
(2003), Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope
failure associated to the July– August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy:
Analysis of ephemeral field data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 122,
281– 294.
Bonaccorso, A., S. Calvari, G. Garfı`, L. Lodato, and D. Patane` (2003),
Dynamics of the December 2002 flank failure and tsunami at Stromboli
volcano inferred by volcanological and geophysical observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1941, doi:10.1029/2003GL017702.
Bousquet, J. C., and G. Lanzafame (2001), Nouvelle interpre´tation des
fractures des e´ruptions late´rales de l’Etna: Conse´quences pour son cadre
tectonique, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 172, 455– 467.
Calvari, S., L. Spampinato, L. Lodato, A. J. L. Harris, M. R. Patrick, J. Dehn,
M. R. Burton, and D. Andronico (2005), Chronology and complex volcanic
processes during the 2002 – 2003 flank eruption at Stromboli volcano
(Italy) reconstructed from direct observations and surveys with a handheld
thermal camera, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B02201, doi:10.1029/
2004JB003129.
Chouet, B., P. Dawson, T. Ohminato, M. Martini, G. Saccorotti,
F. Giudicepietro, G. De Luca, G. Milana, and R. Scarpa (2003), Source
mechanisms of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, determined from
moment-tensor inversions of very-long-period data, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(B1), 2019, doi:10.1029/2002JB001919.
Decker, R. W. (1987), Dynamics of Hawaiian volcanoes: An overview, U.S.
Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350, 997–1018.
Falsaperla, S., M. Neri, E. Pecora, and S. Spampinato (2006), Multidisciplinary
study of flank instability phenomena at Stromboli volcano, Italy,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09304, doi:10.1029/2006GL025940.
Freda, C., and P. Scarlato (2004), The 2002–03 Stromboli eruption, paper
presented at IAVCEI General Assembly, Int. Assoc. of Volcanol. and
Chem. of the Earth’s Inter., Pucon, Chile.
Gudmundsson, A. (2002), Emplacement and arrest of sheets and dykes in
central volcanoes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 116, 279– 298.
Landi, P., L. Francalanci, M. Pompilio, M. Rosi, R. A. Corsaro, C. M.
Petrone, I. Cardini, and L. Miraglia (2006), The December 2002– July
2003 effusive event at Stromboli volcano, Italy: Insights into the shallow
plumbing system by petrochemical studies, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
in press.
Pino, N. A., M. Ripepe, and G. B. Cimini (2004), The Stromboli Volcano
landslides of December 2002: A seismological description, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L02605, doi:10.1029/2003GL018385.
Pompilio, M. (2003), Eruzione Stromboli 2002–2003: Cronologia dell’eruzione,
localizzazione e migrazione delle bocche eruttive, internal report,
16 pp., Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e Vulcanol., Catania, Italy.
Puglisi, G., A. Bonaccorso, M. Mattia, M. Aloisi, A. Bonforte, O. Campisi,
M. Cantarero, G. Falzone, B. Publisi, and M. Rossi (2005), New integrated
geodetic monitoring system at Stromboli volcano (Italy), Eng.
Geol., 79, 13– 31.
Ripepe, M., E. Marchetti, G. Ulivieri, A. J. L. Harris, J. Dehn, M. Burton,
T. Caltabiano, and G. Salerno (2005), Effusive to explosive transition
during the 2003 eruption of Stromboli volcano, Geology, 33, 341– 344.
Tibaldi, A. (2001), Multiple sector collapses at Stromboli volcano, Italy:
How they work, Bull. Volcanol., 63, 112–125.
collapse: A general model tested at Stromboli, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
32, L08308, doi:10.1029/2004GL022248.
Billi, A.,V. Acocella, R. Funiciello, G. Giordano, G. Lanzafame, and M. Neri
(2003), Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope
failure associated to the July– August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy:
Analysis of ephemeral field data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 122,
281– 294.
Bonaccorso, A., S. Calvari, G. Garfı`, L. Lodato, and D. Patane` (2003),
Dynamics of the December 2002 flank failure and tsunami at Stromboli
volcano inferred by volcanological and geophysical observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1941, doi:10.1029/2003GL017702.
Bousquet, J. C., and G. Lanzafame (2001), Nouvelle interpre´tation des
fractures des e´ruptions late´rales de l’Etna: Conse´quences pour son cadre
tectonique, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 172, 455– 467.
Calvari, S., L. Spampinato, L. Lodato, A. J. L. Harris, M. R. Patrick, J. Dehn,
M. R. Burton, and D. Andronico (2005), Chronology and complex volcanic
processes during the 2002 – 2003 flank eruption at Stromboli volcano
(Italy) reconstructed from direct observations and surveys with a handheld
thermal camera, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B02201, doi:10.1029/
2004JB003129.
Chouet, B., P. Dawson, T. Ohminato, M. Martini, G. Saccorotti,
F. Giudicepietro, G. De Luca, G. Milana, and R. Scarpa (2003), Source
mechanisms of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, determined from
moment-tensor inversions of very-long-period data, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(B1), 2019, doi:10.1029/2002JB001919.
Decker, R. W. (1987), Dynamics of Hawaiian volcanoes: An overview, U.S.
Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350, 997–1018.
Falsaperla, S., M. Neri, E. Pecora, and S. Spampinato (2006), Multidisciplinary
study of flank instability phenomena at Stromboli volcano, Italy,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09304, doi:10.1029/2006GL025940.
Freda, C., and P. Scarlato (2004), The 2002–03 Stromboli eruption, paper
presented at IAVCEI General Assembly, Int. Assoc. of Volcanol. and
Chem. of the Earth’s Inter., Pucon, Chile.
Gudmundsson, A. (2002), Emplacement and arrest of sheets and dykes in
central volcanoes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 116, 279– 298.
Landi, P., L. Francalanci, M. Pompilio, M. Rosi, R. A. Corsaro, C. M.
Petrone, I. Cardini, and L. Miraglia (2006), The December 2002– July
2003 effusive event at Stromboli volcano, Italy: Insights into the shallow
plumbing system by petrochemical studies, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
in press.
Pino, N. A., M. Ripepe, and G. B. Cimini (2004), The Stromboli Volcano
landslides of December 2002: A seismological description, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L02605, doi:10.1029/2003GL018385.
Pompilio, M. (2003), Eruzione Stromboli 2002–2003: Cronologia dell’eruzione,
localizzazione e migrazione delle bocche eruttive, internal report,
16 pp., Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e Vulcanol., Catania, Italy.
Puglisi, G., A. Bonaccorso, M. Mattia, M. Aloisi, A. Bonforte, O. Campisi,
M. Cantarero, G. Falzone, B. Publisi, and M. Rossi (2005), New integrated
geodetic monitoring system at Stromboli volcano (Italy), Eng.
Geol., 79, 13– 31.
Ripepe, M., E. Marchetti, G. Ulivieri, A. J. L. Harris, J. Dehn, M. Burton,
T. Caltabiano, and G. Salerno (2005), Effusive to explosive transition
during the 2003 eruption of Stromboli volcano, Geology, 33, 341– 344.
Tibaldi, A. (2001), Multiple sector collapses at Stromboli volcano, Italy:
How they work, Bull. Volcanol., 63, 112–125.
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