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Tephrochronology in faulted Middle Pleistocene tephra layer in the Val d’Agri area (Southern Italy)
Author(s)
Issued date
August 2006
Issue/vol(year)
4-5/49 (2006)
Language
English
Abstract
The High Agri River Valley is a Quaternary Basin located along the hinge of the Southern Apennines fold-andthrust
belt. The inner margin of the orogen has been affected by intense transtensional and normal faulting, which
accompanied vigorous volcanism during the Quaternary. Marker tephra layers are distributed across the whole of
Southern Italy and provide a powerful tool to constrain both the size of eruptions and the regional activity of extensional
faults controlling basin evolution. Paleoseismological trenching within the Monti della Maddalena
range, that borders the Agri River Valley to the south-west, has exposed a faulted stratigraphic sequence and recovered
a 10 cm thick tephra layer involved in deformation. This is the first tephra horizon recognized in the high
Agri Valley, which, based on the stratigraphic study of the trench, lies in a primary position. 40Ar/39Ar dating
constrain its age to 266 ka and provide an important marker for the Middle Pleistocene tephrochronology of the
region. Together with dating, geochemical analysis suggests a possible volcanic source in the Campanian region.
belt. The inner margin of the orogen has been affected by intense transtensional and normal faulting, which
accompanied vigorous volcanism during the Quaternary. Marker tephra layers are distributed across the whole of
Southern Italy and provide a powerful tool to constrain both the size of eruptions and the regional activity of extensional
faults controlling basin evolution. Paleoseismological trenching within the Monti della Maddalena
range, that borders the Agri River Valley to the south-west, has exposed a faulted stratigraphic sequence and recovered
a 10 cm thick tephra layer involved in deformation. This is the first tephra horizon recognized in the high
Agri Valley, which, based on the stratigraphic study of the trench, lies in a primary position. 40Ar/39Ar dating
constrain its age to 266 ka and provide an important marker for the Middle Pleistocene tephrochronology of the
region. Together with dating, geochemical analysis suggests a possible volcanic source in the Campanian region.
References
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lavas from the Roccamonfina volcano, Roman region,
Italy, J. Petrol., 13 (3), 425-456.
BARBERI, F., G. BUONASORTE, R. CIONI, A. FIORDELISI, L.
FORESI, S. IACCARINO, M.A. LAURENZI, A. SBRANA, A.
VERNIA and I.M. VILLA (1994): Plio-Pleistocene geological
evolution of the geothermal of Tuscany and
Latium, Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica
d’Italia, 49, 63-109.
BECCALUVA, L., P. BROTZU, G. MACCIOTTA, L. MORBIDELLI,
G. SERRI and G. TRAVERSA (1989): Cenozoic tectonomagmatic
evolution and inferred mantle sources in the
Sardo-Tyrrhenian area, in The Lithosphere in Italy. Advances
in Earth Science Research, edited by A. BORIANI,
M. BONAFEDE, G.B. PICCARDO and G.B. VAI (It.
Nat. Comm. Int. Lith. Progr., Mid-term Conf., Atti
Conv. Lincei), 80, 229-248.
BECCALUVA, L., M. COLTORTI, P. DI GIROLAMO, L. MELLUSO,
L. MILANI, V. MORRA and F. SIENA (2002): Petrogenesis
and evolution of Mt. Vulture alkaline volcanism
(Southern Italy), Mineral. Petrol., 74, 277-297.
BONADONNA, F.P., D. BROCCHINI, M.A. LAURENZI, C. PRINCIPE
and G. FERRARA (1998): Stratigraphical and
chronological correlations between Monte Vulture volcanics
and sedimentary deposits of the Venosa Basin,
Quatern. Int., 47/48, 87-96.
BROCCHINI, D., L. LA VOLPE, M.A. LAURENZI and C. PRINCIPE
(1994): Storia evolutiva del Monte Vulture, Plinius,
12, 22-25.
BROCCHINI, D., C. PRINCIPE, D. CASTRATORI, M.A. LAURENZI and L. GORLA (2001): Quaternary evolution of the
southern sector of the Campanian Plain and early Somma-
Vesuvius activity: insights from Trecase 1 well,
Mineral. Petrol., 73, 67-91.
CAGGIANELLI, A., P. DELLINO and L. SABATO (1992): Depositi
lacustri infrapleistocenici con intercalazioni vulcanoclastiche
(Bacino di Sant’Arcangelo, Basilicata),
Il Quaternario, 5 (1), 123-132.
CIARANFI, N.,M. MARINO, L. SABATO, A. D’ALESSANDRO and
R. DE ROSA (1996): Studio geologico stratigrafico di una
successione infra e mesopleistocenica nella parte sudoccidentale
della Fossa Bradanica (Montalbano Jonico,
Basilicata), Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 115, 371-391.
CINQUE, A., E. PATACCA, P. SCANDONE and M. TOZZI (1993):
Quaternary kinematic evolution of the Southern Apennines.
Relationships between surface geological features
and deep lithospheric structures, Ann. Geofis.,
XXXVI (2), 249-260.
DEINO, A., G. CURTIS and M. ROSI (1992): 40Ar/39Ar dating
of the Campanian Ignimbrite, Campanian region, Italy,
in 29th International Geological Congress, August 24-
September 3, Kyoto, 3, 633 (Abstracts).
DE VIVO, B., G. ROLANDI, P.B. GANS, A. CALVERT, W.A.
BOHRSON, F.J. SPERA and H.E. BELKIN (2001): New
constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the
Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy), Mineral. Petrol., 73,
47-65.
DI GIROLAMO, P., M.R. GHIARA, L. LIRER, R. MUNNO, G.
ROLANDI and D. STANZIONE (1984): Vulcanologia e
petrologia dei Campi Flegrei, Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 103,
349-413.
GIANNETTI, B. (2001): Origin of the calderas and evolution
of Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region), J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 106, 301-319.
GIANNETTI, B. and G. DE CASA (2000): Stratigraphy, chronology,
and sedimontology of the White Trachytic Tuff,
Roccamonfina volcano, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 96, 243-295.
GIANNETTI, B. and J.F. LUHR (1983): The white trachytic
tuff of Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region, Italy),
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 84, 235-252.
GIANO, S.I., L. MASCHIO, M. ALESSIO, L. FERRANTI, S. IMPROTA
and M. SCHIATTARELLA (2000): Radiocarbon dating
of active faulting in the Agri High Valley, Southern
Italy, J. Geodyn., 29, 371-386.
GIORDANO, G., D. DE RITA, R. CAS and S. RODANI (2002):
Valley pound and ignimbrite veneer deposits in the
small volume phreatomagmatic «Peperino Albano» basic
ignimbrite, Lago Albano maar, Colli Albani volcano,
Italy: influence of topography, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 118, 131-144.
GUEST, J.E., A.M. DUNCAN and D.K. CHESTER (1988):
Monte Vulture Volcano (Basilicata, Italy): an analysis
of morphology and volcanoclastic facies, Bull. Volcanol.,
50, 244-257.
HIPPOLYTE, J.C., J. ANGELIER and F. ROURE (1994): A major
geodynamic change revealed by Quaternary stress patterns
in the Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics,
230, 199-210.
HIPPOLYTE, J.C., J. ANGELIER and E. BARRIER (1995): Compressional
and extensional tectonics in an arc system:
example of the Southern Apennines, J. Struct. Geol.,
17, 1725-1740.
KARNER, D.B. and P.R. RENNE (1998): 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
of Roman Volcanic Province tephra in the Tiber
River Valley: age calibration of middle Pleistocene sealevel
changes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 740-747.
KARNER, D.B., E. JUVIGNE, L. BRANCACCIO, A. CINQUE, E.
RUSSO ERMOLLI, N. SANTANGELO, S. BERNASCONI and
L. LIRER (1999): A potential early middle Pleistocene
tephrostratotype for the Mediterranean Basin: the Vallo
di Diano, Campania, Italy, Global Planetary
Change, 21, 1-15.
KELLER, J., W.B.F. RYAN, D. NINKOVICH and R. ALTHERR
(1978): Explosive volcanic activity in the Mediterranean
over the past 200000 years as recorded in deepsea
sediments, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89, 591-604.
LAURENZI, M.A., D.I. BROCCHINI, C. PRINCIPE and G. FERRARA
(1993): Mt. Vulture volcano chronostratigraphy
and the effectiveness of dating young phlogopites, in
EUG VII, Strasburg, 572-573 (abstracts).
LA VOLPE, L., D. PATELLA, L. RAPISARDI and A. TRAMACERE
(1984): The evolution of Monte Vulture volcano Southern
Italy: inferences from volcanological, geological
and deep dipole electrical sounding data, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 22, 147-162.
LUHR, J.F. and B. GIANNETTI (1987): The brown leucitic tuff
of the Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region, Italy),
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95, 420-436.
MALINVERNO, A. and W.B.F. RYAN (1986): Extension in the
Tyrrhenian sea and shortening in the Apennines as a result
of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere,
Tectonics, 5, 227-245.
MASCHIO, L., L. FERRANTI and P. BURRATO (2005): Active extension
in the Val d’Agri area, Southern Apennines, Italy:
implications for the geometry of the seismogenic belt,
Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02597.x.
MELLUSO, L., V. MORRA, A. PERROTTA, C. SCARPATI and M.
ADABBO (1995): The eruption of the Breccia Museo
(Campi Flegrei, Italy): fractional crystallization processes
in a shallow, zoned magma chamber and implications
for the eruptive dynamics, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
68, 325-339.
MELLUSO, L., V. MORRA and P. DI GIROLAMO (1996): The
Mt. Vulture volcanic complex (Italy): evidence for distinct
parental magmas and for residual melts with
melilite, Mineral. Petrol., 56, 225-250.
NARCISI, B. and L. VEZZOLI (1999): Quaternary stratigraphy
of distal tephra layers in the Mediterranean – An overview,
Global Planetary Change, 21, 31-50.
PAPPALARDO, L., M. PIOCHI, M. D’ANTONIO, L. CIVETTA and
R. PETRINI (2002): Evidence for multi-stage magmatic
evolution during the past 60 kyr at Campi Flegrei
(Italy) deduced from Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data, J.
Petrol., 8, 1415-1434.
PATERNE, M., F. GUICHARD, J. LABEYRIE, P.Y. GILLOT and
J.C. DUPLESSY (1986): Tyrrhenian Sea tephrochronology
of the oxygen isotope record for the past 60000
years, Mar. Geol., 72, 259-285.
PATERNE, M., F GUICHARD and J. LABEYRIE (1988): Explosive
activity of the south Italian volcanoes during the
past 80000 years as determined by marine tephrochronology,
J. Vocanol. Geotherm. Res., 34, 153-172.
POLI, S., S. CHIESA, P.Y. GILLOT, A. GREGNANIN and F.
GUICHARD (1987): Chemistry versus time in the volcanic
complex of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy): evidence of successive magmatic cycles, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 95, 322-335.
RENNE, P.R., K. DECKART, M. ERNESTO, G. FÉRAUD and
E.M. PICCIRILLO (1996): Age of the Ponta Grossa Dike
Swarm (Brazil) and implications for Paraná flood volcanism,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 144 (1-2), 199-211.
RENNE, P.R., C.C. SWISHER, A.L. DEINO, D.B. KARNER, T.
OWENS and D.J. DE PAOLO (1998): Intercalibration of
standards, absolute ages and uncertainties in 40Ar/39Ar
dating, Chem. Geol., 145 (1-2), 117-152.
ROLANDI, G., F. BELLUCCI, M.T. HEIZLER, H.E. BELKIN and
B. DE VIVO (2003): Tectonic controls on the genesis of
ignimbrites from Campanian Volcanic Zone, Southern
Italy, Mineral. Petrol., 79, 3-31.
ROSI, M. and A. SBRANA (1983): Phlegrean Fields, CNR
Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (9), pp. 176.
SANTACROCE, R. (1987): Somma-Vesuvius, Quad. Ric. Sci.,
114 (8), pp. 243.
STOPPA, F. and C. PRINCIPE (1997): Eruption style and
petrology of a new carbonatitic suite from the Mt. Vulture
Southern Italy: the Monticchio Lakes Formation,
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 78, 251-265.
STOPPA, F. and A.R. WOOLLEY (1997): The Italian carbonatites:
field occurrence, petrology and regional significance,
Mineral. Petrol., 59, 43-67.
TETLEY, N., I. MC DOUGALL and H.R. HEYDEGGER (1980):
Thermal neutron interferences in the 40Ar/39Ar dating
technique, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7201-7205.
WASHINGTON, H.S. (1906): The Roman comagmatic region,
Carnegie Inst. Washington, 57, pp. 199.
WINCHESTER, J.H. and P.A. FLOYD (1977): Geochemical
discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation
products using immobile elements, Chem.
Geol., 20, 325-343.
WORKING GROUP CPTI (1999): Catalogo Parametrico dei
Terremoti Italiani, Versione 2004 (CPTI04) (INGV,
Bologna), (available on line at http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/
CPTI04/).
WULF, S., M. KRAML, A. BRAUER, J. KELLER and J.F.W. NEGENDANK
(2004): Tephrochronology of the 100 ka lacustrine
sediment record of Lago Grande di Monticchio
(Southern Italy), Quat. Int., 122, 7-30.
lavas from the Roccamonfina volcano, Roman region,
Italy, J. Petrol., 13 (3), 425-456.
BARBERI, F., G. BUONASORTE, R. CIONI, A. FIORDELISI, L.
FORESI, S. IACCARINO, M.A. LAURENZI, A. SBRANA, A.
VERNIA and I.M. VILLA (1994): Plio-Pleistocene geological
evolution of the geothermal of Tuscany and
Latium, Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica
d’Italia, 49, 63-109.
BECCALUVA, L., P. BROTZU, G. MACCIOTTA, L. MORBIDELLI,
G. SERRI and G. TRAVERSA (1989): Cenozoic tectonomagmatic
evolution and inferred mantle sources in the
Sardo-Tyrrhenian area, in The Lithosphere in Italy. Advances
in Earth Science Research, edited by A. BORIANI,
M. BONAFEDE, G.B. PICCARDO and G.B. VAI (It.
Nat. Comm. Int. Lith. Progr., Mid-term Conf., Atti
Conv. Lincei), 80, 229-248.
BECCALUVA, L., M. COLTORTI, P. DI GIROLAMO, L. MELLUSO,
L. MILANI, V. MORRA and F. SIENA (2002): Petrogenesis
and evolution of Mt. Vulture alkaline volcanism
(Southern Italy), Mineral. Petrol., 74, 277-297.
BONADONNA, F.P., D. BROCCHINI, M.A. LAURENZI, C. PRINCIPE
and G. FERRARA (1998): Stratigraphical and
chronological correlations between Monte Vulture volcanics
and sedimentary deposits of the Venosa Basin,
Quatern. Int., 47/48, 87-96.
BROCCHINI, D., L. LA VOLPE, M.A. LAURENZI and C. PRINCIPE
(1994): Storia evolutiva del Monte Vulture, Plinius,
12, 22-25.
BROCCHINI, D., C. PRINCIPE, D. CASTRATORI, M.A. LAURENZI and L. GORLA (2001): Quaternary evolution of the
southern sector of the Campanian Plain and early Somma-
Vesuvius activity: insights from Trecase 1 well,
Mineral. Petrol., 73, 67-91.
CAGGIANELLI, A., P. DELLINO and L. SABATO (1992): Depositi
lacustri infrapleistocenici con intercalazioni vulcanoclastiche
(Bacino di Sant’Arcangelo, Basilicata),
Il Quaternario, 5 (1), 123-132.
CIARANFI, N.,M. MARINO, L. SABATO, A. D’ALESSANDRO and
R. DE ROSA (1996): Studio geologico stratigrafico di una
successione infra e mesopleistocenica nella parte sudoccidentale
della Fossa Bradanica (Montalbano Jonico,
Basilicata), Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 115, 371-391.
CINQUE, A., E. PATACCA, P. SCANDONE and M. TOZZI (1993):
Quaternary kinematic evolution of the Southern Apennines.
Relationships between surface geological features
and deep lithospheric structures, Ann. Geofis.,
XXXVI (2), 249-260.
DEINO, A., G. CURTIS and M. ROSI (1992): 40Ar/39Ar dating
of the Campanian Ignimbrite, Campanian region, Italy,
in 29th International Geological Congress, August 24-
September 3, Kyoto, 3, 633 (Abstracts).
DE VIVO, B., G. ROLANDI, P.B. GANS, A. CALVERT, W.A.
BOHRSON, F.J. SPERA and H.E. BELKIN (2001): New
constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the
Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy), Mineral. Petrol., 73,
47-65.
DI GIROLAMO, P., M.R. GHIARA, L. LIRER, R. MUNNO, G.
ROLANDI and D. STANZIONE (1984): Vulcanologia e
petrologia dei Campi Flegrei, Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 103,
349-413.
GIANNETTI, B. (2001): Origin of the calderas and evolution
of Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region), J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 106, 301-319.
GIANNETTI, B. and G. DE CASA (2000): Stratigraphy, chronology,
and sedimontology of the White Trachytic Tuff,
Roccamonfina volcano, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 96, 243-295.
GIANNETTI, B. and J.F. LUHR (1983): The white trachytic
tuff of Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region, Italy),
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 84, 235-252.
GIANO, S.I., L. MASCHIO, M. ALESSIO, L. FERRANTI, S. IMPROTA
and M. SCHIATTARELLA (2000): Radiocarbon dating
of active faulting in the Agri High Valley, Southern
Italy, J. Geodyn., 29, 371-386.
GIORDANO, G., D. DE RITA, R. CAS and S. RODANI (2002):
Valley pound and ignimbrite veneer deposits in the
small volume phreatomagmatic «Peperino Albano» basic
ignimbrite, Lago Albano maar, Colli Albani volcano,
Italy: influence of topography, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., 118, 131-144.
GUEST, J.E., A.M. DUNCAN and D.K. CHESTER (1988):
Monte Vulture Volcano (Basilicata, Italy): an analysis
of morphology and volcanoclastic facies, Bull. Volcanol.,
50, 244-257.
HIPPOLYTE, J.C., J. ANGELIER and F. ROURE (1994): A major
geodynamic change revealed by Quaternary stress patterns
in the Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics,
230, 199-210.
HIPPOLYTE, J.C., J. ANGELIER and E. BARRIER (1995): Compressional
and extensional tectonics in an arc system:
example of the Southern Apennines, J. Struct. Geol.,
17, 1725-1740.
KARNER, D.B. and P.R. RENNE (1998): 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
of Roman Volcanic Province tephra in the Tiber
River Valley: age calibration of middle Pleistocene sealevel
changes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 740-747.
KARNER, D.B., E. JUVIGNE, L. BRANCACCIO, A. CINQUE, E.
RUSSO ERMOLLI, N. SANTANGELO, S. BERNASCONI and
L. LIRER (1999): A potential early middle Pleistocene
tephrostratotype for the Mediterranean Basin: the Vallo
di Diano, Campania, Italy, Global Planetary
Change, 21, 1-15.
KELLER, J., W.B.F. RYAN, D. NINKOVICH and R. ALTHERR
(1978): Explosive volcanic activity in the Mediterranean
over the past 200000 years as recorded in deepsea
sediments, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89, 591-604.
LAURENZI, M.A., D.I. BROCCHINI, C. PRINCIPE and G. FERRARA
(1993): Mt. Vulture volcano chronostratigraphy
and the effectiveness of dating young phlogopites, in
EUG VII, Strasburg, 572-573 (abstracts).
LA VOLPE, L., D. PATELLA, L. RAPISARDI and A. TRAMACERE
(1984): The evolution of Monte Vulture volcano Southern
Italy: inferences from volcanological, geological
and deep dipole electrical sounding data, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 22, 147-162.
LUHR, J.F. and B. GIANNETTI (1987): The brown leucitic tuff
of the Roccamonfina volcano (Roman region, Italy),
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95, 420-436.
MALINVERNO, A. and W.B.F. RYAN (1986): Extension in the
Tyrrhenian sea and shortening in the Apennines as a result
of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere,
Tectonics, 5, 227-245.
MASCHIO, L., L. FERRANTI and P. BURRATO (2005): Active extension
in the Val d’Agri area, Southern Apennines, Italy:
implications for the geometry of the seismogenic belt,
Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02597.x.
MELLUSO, L., V. MORRA, A. PERROTTA, C. SCARPATI and M.
ADABBO (1995): The eruption of the Breccia Museo
(Campi Flegrei, Italy): fractional crystallization processes
in a shallow, zoned magma chamber and implications
for the eruptive dynamics, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
68, 325-339.
MELLUSO, L., V. MORRA and P. DI GIROLAMO (1996): The
Mt. Vulture volcanic complex (Italy): evidence for distinct
parental magmas and for residual melts with
melilite, Mineral. Petrol., 56, 225-250.
NARCISI, B. and L. VEZZOLI (1999): Quaternary stratigraphy
of distal tephra layers in the Mediterranean – An overview,
Global Planetary Change, 21, 31-50.
PAPPALARDO, L., M. PIOCHI, M. D’ANTONIO, L. CIVETTA and
R. PETRINI (2002): Evidence for multi-stage magmatic
evolution during the past 60 kyr at Campi Flegrei
(Italy) deduced from Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data, J.
Petrol., 8, 1415-1434.
PATERNE, M., F. GUICHARD, J. LABEYRIE, P.Y. GILLOT and
J.C. DUPLESSY (1986): Tyrrhenian Sea tephrochronology
of the oxygen isotope record for the past 60000
years, Mar. Geol., 72, 259-285.
PATERNE, M., F GUICHARD and J. LABEYRIE (1988): Explosive
activity of the south Italian volcanoes during the
past 80000 years as determined by marine tephrochronology,
J. Vocanol. Geotherm. Res., 34, 153-172.
POLI, S., S. CHIESA, P.Y. GILLOT, A. GREGNANIN and F.
GUICHARD (1987): Chemistry versus time in the volcanic
complex of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy): evidence of successive magmatic cycles, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 95, 322-335.
RENNE, P.R., K. DECKART, M. ERNESTO, G. FÉRAUD and
E.M. PICCIRILLO (1996): Age of the Ponta Grossa Dike
Swarm (Brazil) and implications for Paraná flood volcanism,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 144 (1-2), 199-211.
RENNE, P.R., C.C. SWISHER, A.L. DEINO, D.B. KARNER, T.
OWENS and D.J. DE PAOLO (1998): Intercalibration of
standards, absolute ages and uncertainties in 40Ar/39Ar
dating, Chem. Geol., 145 (1-2), 117-152.
ROLANDI, G., F. BELLUCCI, M.T. HEIZLER, H.E. BELKIN and
B. DE VIVO (2003): Tectonic controls on the genesis of
ignimbrites from Campanian Volcanic Zone, Southern
Italy, Mineral. Petrol., 79, 3-31.
ROSI, M. and A. SBRANA (1983): Phlegrean Fields, CNR
Quad. Ric. Sci., 114 (9), pp. 176.
SANTACROCE, R. (1987): Somma-Vesuvius, Quad. Ric. Sci.,
114 (8), pp. 243.
STOPPA, F. and C. PRINCIPE (1997): Eruption style and
petrology of a new carbonatitic suite from the Mt. Vulture
Southern Italy: the Monticchio Lakes Formation,
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 78, 251-265.
STOPPA, F. and A.R. WOOLLEY (1997): The Italian carbonatites:
field occurrence, petrology and regional significance,
Mineral. Petrol., 59, 43-67.
TETLEY, N., I. MC DOUGALL and H.R. HEYDEGGER (1980):
Thermal neutron interferences in the 40Ar/39Ar dating
technique, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7201-7205.
WASHINGTON, H.S. (1906): The Roman comagmatic region,
Carnegie Inst. Washington, 57, pp. 199.
WINCHESTER, J.H. and P.A. FLOYD (1977): Geochemical
discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation
products using immobile elements, Chem.
Geol., 20, 325-343.
WORKING GROUP CPTI (1999): Catalogo Parametrico dei
Terremoti Italiani, Versione 2004 (CPTI04) (INGV,
Bologna), (available on line at http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/
CPTI04/).
WULF, S., M. KRAML, A. BRAUER, J. KELLER and J.F.W. NEGENDANK
(2004): Tephrochronology of the 100 ka lacustrine
sediment record of Lago Grande di Monticchio
(Southern Italy), Quat. Int., 122, 7-30.
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