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Laser remote sensing calibration of ocean color satellite data
Author(s)
Issued date
February 2006
Issue/vol(year)
1/49 (2006)
Language
English
Abstract
world ocean: in fact, those processes dramatically affect the climatic equilibrium of our planet. For this reason,
many advanced active and passive remote sensors have been used to study phytoplankton dynamics, since such
phenomena are thought to be responsible for the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, one of the most
important greenhouse gases. In this paper, one laser system and three satellite radiometers routinely used for the
study of the phytoplankton dynamics will be briefly reviewed. Satellite sensors have been preferred to airborne
sensors because, to our knowledge, ocean color airborne radiometers have not been operated in Antarctica, at
least not throughout the whole lapse of time examined in this study. Particular focus was on the laser system
(ELF) and on a specific satellite radiometer (SeaWiFS). ELF is based on the laser-induced fluorescence of phytoplankton
pigments and was conceived for the Italian expeditions to Antarctica. The goal of SeaWiFS is to provide
the Earth science community with quantitative data on the global ocean bio-optical properties. Such satellite
radiometer has been calibrated with in situ data mainly acquired in non polar regions. This is why a comparison
between ELF and SeaWiFS measurements of chlorophyll-a surface concentrations in the Southern Ocean
during the austral summer 1997-1998 was believed to be significant. Our results indicate that SeaWiFS overestimates
high concentrations and underestimates low concentrations. In order to correct this behavior, the chlorophyll-
a bio-optical algorithm of SeaWiFS has been recalibrated according to the measurements of ELF, thus providing
a new estimation of the primary production in the Southern Ocean.
many advanced active and passive remote sensors have been used to study phytoplankton dynamics, since such
phenomena are thought to be responsible for the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, one of the most
important greenhouse gases. In this paper, one laser system and three satellite radiometers routinely used for the
study of the phytoplankton dynamics will be briefly reviewed. Satellite sensors have been preferred to airborne
sensors because, to our knowledge, ocean color airborne radiometers have not been operated in Antarctica, at
least not throughout the whole lapse of time examined in this study. Particular focus was on the laser system
(ELF) and on a specific satellite radiometer (SeaWiFS). ELF is based on the laser-induced fluorescence of phytoplankton
pigments and was conceived for the Italian expeditions to Antarctica. The goal of SeaWiFS is to provide
the Earth science community with quantitative data on the global ocean bio-optical properties. Such satellite
radiometer has been calibrated with in situ data mainly acquired in non polar regions. This is why a comparison
between ELF and SeaWiFS measurements of chlorophyll-a surface concentrations in the Southern Ocean
during the austral summer 1997-1998 was believed to be significant. Our results indicate that SeaWiFS overestimates
high concentrations and underestimates low concentrations. In order to correct this behavior, the chlorophyll-
a bio-optical algorithm of SeaWiFS has been recalibrated according to the measurements of ELF, thus providing
a new estimation of the primary production in the Southern Ocean.
References
ARRIGO, K.R., D. L. WORTHEN, A. SCHNELL and M.P. LIZOTTE
(1998): Primary production in Southern Ocean
waters, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C8), 15587-15600.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A.
PALUCCI (2001a): Remote sensing of the Southern
Ocean: techniques and results, J. Optoelectron. Adv.
Mater., 3, 817-830.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, A. PALUCCI and S.
RIBEZZO (2001b): Differential LIDAR fluorosensor
system used for phytoplankton bloom and seawater
quality monitoring in Antarctica, Int. J. Remote Sensing,
22 (2-3), 369-384.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A.
PALUCCI (2003a): Lidar fluorosensor calibration of the
SeaWiFS chlorophyll algorithm in the Ross Sea, Int. J.
Remote Sensing, 24 (16), 3205-3218, doi: 10.1080/
/0143116021000047938.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A. PALUCCI (2003b): Remote sensed primary production
in the Western Ross Sea: results of in situ tuned models,
Antarct. Sci., 15, 77-84.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, L. DE DOMINICIS, R. FANTONI, L.
FIORANI, A. PALUCCI and E.S. ARTAMONOV (2004a):
Analysis of simultaneous chlorophyll measurements
by LIDAR fluorosensor, MODIS and SeaWiFS, Int. J.
Remote Sensing, 25 (11), 2095-2110 doi: 10.1080/
/01431160310001618086.
BARBINI, R., M. CABRINI, F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI,
S. FONDA UMANI, N. KOLODNIKOVA, L. LAZZARA, A.
PALUCCI and F. PARMIGGIANI (2004b): Biochemical
structure and properties of the Ross Sea during the
Austral summer 1997-1998, in XXVIII SCAR and
COMNAP XVI, AWS, Berlin, Germany.
BRISTOW, M.R., D. NIELSEN, D. BUNDY and R. FURTEK
(1981): Use of water Raman emission to correct airborne
laser fluorosensor data for effects of water optical
attenuation, Appl. Opt., 20, 2889-2906.
COLAO, F., R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI, A. PALUCCI and I.G. OKLADNIKOV
(2005): Lidar and satellite observations of the
Southern Ocean, ENEA Tech. Rep. Ser. RT/2004/65FIS
(ENEA, Frascati).
ESAIAS, W.E., M.R. ABBOTT, I. BARTON, O.B. BROWN, J.W.
CAMPBELL, K.L. CARDER, D.K. CLARK, R.H. EVANS,
F.E. HOGE, H.R. GORDON, W.M. BALCH, R. LETELIER
and P.J. MINNETT (1998): An overview of MODIS capabilities
for ocean science observations, IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sensing, 36, 1250-1265.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., R.T. BARBER and V. SMETACEK (1998a):
Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary
production, Science, 281, 200-206.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., M.J. BEHRENFELD, W.E. ESAIAS, W.
BALCH, J.W. CAMPBELL, R.L. IVERSON, D.A. KIEFER,
A. MOREL and J.A. YODER (1998b): Satellite primary
productivity data and algorithm development: A science
plan for Mission to the Planet Earth, in SeaWiFS
Technical Report Series – NASA Technical Memorandum
104566, edited by S.B. HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE
(NASA, Greenbelt), 42, 1-36.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., R. J. SCHOLES, E. BOYLE, J. CANADELL, D.
CANFIELD, J. ELSER, N. GRUBER, K. HIBBARD, P. HÖGBERG,
S. LINDER, F.T. MACKENZIE, B. MOORE III, T.
PEDERSEN, Y. ROSENTHAL, S. SEITZINGER, V. SMETACEK
and W. STEFFEN (2000): The global carbon cycle: a test
of our knowledge of Earth as a system, Science, 290,
291-296.
FARGION, G., B. FRANZ, E. KWIATKOWSKA, C. PIETRAS, S.
BAILEY, J. GALES, G. MEISTER, K. KNOBELSPIESSE, J.
WERDELL and C. MCCLAIN (2003): SIMBIOS program
in support of ocean color missions: 1997-2003, SPIE
Proc., 5155, 49-60.
FIORANI, L., S. MATTEI and S. VETRELLA (1998): Laser methods
for the atmospheric correction of marine radiance
data sensed from satellite, SPIE Proc., 3496, 176-187.
GRANT, W.B. (1995): Lidar for atmospheric and hydrospheric
studies, in Tunable Laser Applications, edited
by F.J. DUARTE (Marcel Dekker, New York), 213-305.
HOGE, F.E. and R.N. SWIFT (1981): Airborne simultaneous
spectroscopic detection of laser-induced water Raman
backscatter and fluorescence from chlorophyll a and
other naturally occurring pigments, Appl. Opt., 20,
3197-3205.
HOOKER, S.B., W.E. ESAIAS, G.C. FELDMAN, W.W. GREGG
and C.R. MCCLAIN (1992): An overview of SeaWiFS
and ocean color, in SeaWiFS Technical Report Series –
NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, edited by S.B.
HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 1,
1-25.
HOVIS, W.A. (1980): Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner:
system description and initial imagery, Science, 210,
60-63.
HUOT, J.-P., H. TAIT, M. RAST, S. DELWART, J.-L. BÉZY and
G. LEVRINI (2002): The optical imaging instruments
and their applications: AATSR and MERIS, ESA Bull.,
106, 56-66.
JOINT, I. and S.B. GROOM (2000): Estimation of phytoplankton
production from space: current status and future
potential of satellite remote sensing, J. Exper. Mar.
Biol. Ecol., 250, 233-255.
MCCLAIN, C.R., E.J. AINSWORTH, R.A. BARNES, R.E. EPLEE
JR., F.S. PATT,W.D. ROBINSON, M. WANG and S.W. BAILEY
(2000a): SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation
Analyses, Part 1, NASA Technical Memorandum
2000-206892, edited by S.B. HOOKER and E.R.
FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 9, pp. 82.
MCCLAIN, C.R., R.A. BARNES, R.E. EPLEE JR., B.A. FRANZ,
N.C. HSU, F.S. PATT, C.M. PIETRAS, W.D. ROBINSON,
B.D. SCHIEBER, G.M. SCHMIDT, M. WANG, S.W. BAILEY
and P.J. WERDELL (2000b): SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration
and Validation Analyses, Part 2. NASA Technical
Memorandum 2000-206892, edited by S.B. HOOKER
and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 10, pp. 57.
MEASURES, R.M. (1992): Laser Remote Sensing (Krieger
Publishing Company, Malabar), pp. 510.
MITCHELL, B.G. (1992): Predictive bio-optical relationships
for polar oceans and marginal ice zones, J. Mar. Sys., 3,
91-105.
MITCHELL, B.G. and O. HOLM-HANSEN (1991): Bio-optical
properties of Antarctic Peninsula waters: Differentiation
from temperate ocean models, Deep Sea Res., Part
A, 38, 1009-1028.
O’REILLY, J.E., S. MARITORENA, B.G. MITCHELL, D.A.
SIEGEL, K.L. CARDER, S.A. GARVER, M. KAHRU and C.
MCCLAIN (1998): Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms
for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C11), 24937-
24953.
O’REILLY, J.E., S. MARITORENA, M.C. O’BRIEN, D.A.
SIEGEL, D. TOOLE, D. MENZIES, R.C. SMITH, J.L.
MUELLER, B. GREG MITCHELL, M. KAHRU, F.P. CHAVEZ,
P. STRUTTON, G.F. COTA, S.B. HOOKER, C.R. MCCLAIN,
K.L. CARDER, F. MÜLLER-KARGER, L. HARDING, A.
MAGNUSON, D. PHINNEY, G.F. MOORE, J. AIKEN, K.R.
ARRIGO, R. LETELIER and M. CULVER (2000): SeaWiFS
Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, Part 3.
NASA Technical Memorandum 2000-206892, edited by
S.B. HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt),
11, pp. 49.
(1998): Primary production in Southern Ocean
waters, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C8), 15587-15600.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A.
PALUCCI (2001a): Remote sensing of the Southern
Ocean: techniques and results, J. Optoelectron. Adv.
Mater., 3, 817-830.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, A. PALUCCI and S.
RIBEZZO (2001b): Differential LIDAR fluorosensor
system used for phytoplankton bloom and seawater
quality monitoring in Antarctica, Int. J. Remote Sensing,
22 (2-3), 369-384.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A.
PALUCCI (2003a): Lidar fluorosensor calibration of the
SeaWiFS chlorophyll algorithm in the Ross Sea, Int. J.
Remote Sensing, 24 (16), 3205-3218, doi: 10.1080/
/0143116021000047938.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI and A. PALUCCI (2003b): Remote sensed primary production
in the Western Ross Sea: results of in situ tuned models,
Antarct. Sci., 15, 77-84.
BARBINI, R., F. COLAO, L. DE DOMINICIS, R. FANTONI, L.
FIORANI, A. PALUCCI and E.S. ARTAMONOV (2004a):
Analysis of simultaneous chlorophyll measurements
by LIDAR fluorosensor, MODIS and SeaWiFS, Int. J.
Remote Sensing, 25 (11), 2095-2110 doi: 10.1080/
/01431160310001618086.
BARBINI, R., M. CABRINI, F. COLAO, R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI,
S. FONDA UMANI, N. KOLODNIKOVA, L. LAZZARA, A.
PALUCCI and F. PARMIGGIANI (2004b): Biochemical
structure and properties of the Ross Sea during the
Austral summer 1997-1998, in XXVIII SCAR and
COMNAP XVI, AWS, Berlin, Germany.
BRISTOW, M.R., D. NIELSEN, D. BUNDY and R. FURTEK
(1981): Use of water Raman emission to correct airborne
laser fluorosensor data for effects of water optical
attenuation, Appl. Opt., 20, 2889-2906.
COLAO, F., R. FANTONI, L. FIORANI, A. PALUCCI and I.G. OKLADNIKOV
(2005): Lidar and satellite observations of the
Southern Ocean, ENEA Tech. Rep. Ser. RT/2004/65FIS
(ENEA, Frascati).
ESAIAS, W.E., M.R. ABBOTT, I. BARTON, O.B. BROWN, J.W.
CAMPBELL, K.L. CARDER, D.K. CLARK, R.H. EVANS,
F.E. HOGE, H.R. GORDON, W.M. BALCH, R. LETELIER
and P.J. MINNETT (1998): An overview of MODIS capabilities
for ocean science observations, IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sensing, 36, 1250-1265.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., R.T. BARBER and V. SMETACEK (1998a):
Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary
production, Science, 281, 200-206.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., M.J. BEHRENFELD, W.E. ESAIAS, W.
BALCH, J.W. CAMPBELL, R.L. IVERSON, D.A. KIEFER,
A. MOREL and J.A. YODER (1998b): Satellite primary
productivity data and algorithm development: A science
plan for Mission to the Planet Earth, in SeaWiFS
Technical Report Series – NASA Technical Memorandum
104566, edited by S.B. HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE
(NASA, Greenbelt), 42, 1-36.
FALKOWSKI, P.G., R. J. SCHOLES, E. BOYLE, J. CANADELL, D.
CANFIELD, J. ELSER, N. GRUBER, K. HIBBARD, P. HÖGBERG,
S. LINDER, F.T. MACKENZIE, B. MOORE III, T.
PEDERSEN, Y. ROSENTHAL, S. SEITZINGER, V. SMETACEK
and W. STEFFEN (2000): The global carbon cycle: a test
of our knowledge of Earth as a system, Science, 290,
291-296.
FARGION, G., B. FRANZ, E. KWIATKOWSKA, C. PIETRAS, S.
BAILEY, J. GALES, G. MEISTER, K. KNOBELSPIESSE, J.
WERDELL and C. MCCLAIN (2003): SIMBIOS program
in support of ocean color missions: 1997-2003, SPIE
Proc., 5155, 49-60.
FIORANI, L., S. MATTEI and S. VETRELLA (1998): Laser methods
for the atmospheric correction of marine radiance
data sensed from satellite, SPIE Proc., 3496, 176-187.
GRANT, W.B. (1995): Lidar for atmospheric and hydrospheric
studies, in Tunable Laser Applications, edited
by F.J. DUARTE (Marcel Dekker, New York), 213-305.
HOGE, F.E. and R.N. SWIFT (1981): Airborne simultaneous
spectroscopic detection of laser-induced water Raman
backscatter and fluorescence from chlorophyll a and
other naturally occurring pigments, Appl. Opt., 20,
3197-3205.
HOOKER, S.B., W.E. ESAIAS, G.C. FELDMAN, W.W. GREGG
and C.R. MCCLAIN (1992): An overview of SeaWiFS
and ocean color, in SeaWiFS Technical Report Series –
NASA Technical Memorandum 104566, edited by S.B.
HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 1,
1-25.
HOVIS, W.A. (1980): Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner:
system description and initial imagery, Science, 210,
60-63.
HUOT, J.-P., H. TAIT, M. RAST, S. DELWART, J.-L. BÉZY and
G. LEVRINI (2002): The optical imaging instruments
and their applications: AATSR and MERIS, ESA Bull.,
106, 56-66.
JOINT, I. and S.B. GROOM (2000): Estimation of phytoplankton
production from space: current status and future
potential of satellite remote sensing, J. Exper. Mar.
Biol. Ecol., 250, 233-255.
MCCLAIN, C.R., E.J. AINSWORTH, R.A. BARNES, R.E. EPLEE
JR., F.S. PATT,W.D. ROBINSON, M. WANG and S.W. BAILEY
(2000a): SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation
Analyses, Part 1, NASA Technical Memorandum
2000-206892, edited by S.B. HOOKER and E.R.
FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 9, pp. 82.
MCCLAIN, C.R., R.A. BARNES, R.E. EPLEE JR., B.A. FRANZ,
N.C. HSU, F.S. PATT, C.M. PIETRAS, W.D. ROBINSON,
B.D. SCHIEBER, G.M. SCHMIDT, M. WANG, S.W. BAILEY
and P.J. WERDELL (2000b): SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration
and Validation Analyses, Part 2. NASA Technical
Memorandum 2000-206892, edited by S.B. HOOKER
and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt), 10, pp. 57.
MEASURES, R.M. (1992): Laser Remote Sensing (Krieger
Publishing Company, Malabar), pp. 510.
MITCHELL, B.G. (1992): Predictive bio-optical relationships
for polar oceans and marginal ice zones, J. Mar. Sys., 3,
91-105.
MITCHELL, B.G. and O. HOLM-HANSEN (1991): Bio-optical
properties of Antarctic Peninsula waters: Differentiation
from temperate ocean models, Deep Sea Res., Part
A, 38, 1009-1028.
O’REILLY, J.E., S. MARITORENA, B.G. MITCHELL, D.A.
SIEGEL, K.L. CARDER, S.A. GARVER, M. KAHRU and C.
MCCLAIN (1998): Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms
for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C11), 24937-
24953.
O’REILLY, J.E., S. MARITORENA, M.C. O’BRIEN, D.A.
SIEGEL, D. TOOLE, D. MENZIES, R.C. SMITH, J.L.
MUELLER, B. GREG MITCHELL, M. KAHRU, F.P. CHAVEZ,
P. STRUTTON, G.F. COTA, S.B. HOOKER, C.R. MCCLAIN,
K.L. CARDER, F. MÜLLER-KARGER, L. HARDING, A.
MAGNUSON, D. PHINNEY, G.F. MOORE, J. AIKEN, K.R.
ARRIGO, R. LETELIER and M. CULVER (2000): SeaWiFS
Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, Part 3.
NASA Technical Memorandum 2000-206892, edited by
S.B. HOOKER and E.R. FIRESTONE (NASA, Greenbelt),
11, pp. 49.
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