http://hdl.handle.net/2122/244 Ricerca nel canale cerca http://www.earth-prints.org/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5946 Titolo: Realizzazione di un geodatabase degli aspetti socio-economici e demografici delle aree colpite dal terremoto del 23.11.1980<br/><br/>Autori: Pignone, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Murolo, A.; Libero professionista; Bonito, L.; Univeristà degli Studi del Sannio; Nostro, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Moschillo, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: The geographical areas affected by the earthquake of 23/11/1980 have been very largely the "hinterland" of the Campania and Basilicata time were already considered the least developed and poorest. The earthquake, of magnitude 6.9, caused damage and destruction in a wide area in a radius of about 25 km from the epicenter in the provinces of Avellino, Salerno and Potenza. This work involves the collection and subsequent computerization in a geographic database of spatial data, social, economic, demographic and development at the time of the earthquake and subsequent years. The comparison and the geographical distribution of datasets will allow us to recognize the particular aspects of the development of these areas after the event. Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5923 Titolo: Clues of Post-seismic Relaxation for the 1915 Fucino Earthquake (Central Italy) from Modeling of Leveling Data<br/><br/>Autori: D'Anastasio, Elisabetta; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Amoruso, Antonella; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Crescentini, Luca; Università degli Studi di Salerno; De Martini, Paolo Marco; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: The 1915 Fucino earthquake (Ms=6.9) was one of the largest and most destructive events in Italy during the last century. The epicentral area is centered in the Abruzzi region (Central Italy), where a long historical record of large earthquakes is available. Seismotectonic studies on this region, based on instrumental seismicity (focal mechanism solutions of major events and stress analysis of background seismicity), borehole break-out studies and several geological and paleoseismological investigations, suggest NE-SW oriented active extension. The 1915 earthquake fault produced detectable surface ruptures for about 20 km along NW-SE striking SW-dipping structures. Coseismic geodetic data recorded in the epicentral area have been inverted in the past (Amoruso et al. 1998 and references therein), indicating a source fault dipping at moderate angle toward SW and a normal focal mechanism, with a non-negligible left-lateral component. Three high precision leveling lines located in a wide sector north and east of the Fucino plain were measured in 1950 and 1997-2000 by the IGM (Istituto Geografico Militare). Two consecutive lines run in a NW-SE direction along the chain, and form a "T-shape" net together with a third line SW-NE striking, towards the Adriatic sea. The total length is about 360 km with a mean benchmark density higher than 0.5 bm/km. The relative elevation changes recorded during this time interval show maximum values between 7 and 12 cm with a signal wavelength of 40-70 km. The observed elevation changes stand significantly above the calculated total error of 1.13 mm sqrt(L) km. A sharp gradient has been observed east of the earthquake epicenter, where we observe peculiar elevation changes along a 40 km long section of the leveling line. The observed elevation changes in Fucino earthquake area seem to comprise both regional tectonic deformation and post-seismic relaxation. The former and the latter effects are expected to dominate along sections of the leveling lines which are respectively about perpendicular and parallel to the Apennines. Since we compare measurements performed in 1950 and 1997-2000, relaxation effects refer to a late stage of the process. We have used Pollitz (1997) code for computing gravitational-viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on a layered spherical Earth. Different Earth models, characterized by different thicknesses and viscosities of crustal layers and of the upper mantle, have been considered. Even if S/N ratio of expected post-seismic effects is not high, comparison between predictions and observations allows to constrain regional crustal structure. Best-fit seismic moment is in good agreement with Amoruso et al. (1998) and residuals are fully consistent with expected regional tectonic deformation in central Apennines. Wed, 01 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5896 Titolo: MIDOP: Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher<br/><br/>Autori: Locati, Mario; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia; Cassera, Andrea; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia<br/><br/>Curatori: Neumann, A.; City of Uster (CH), GIS manager<br/><br/>Abstract: Within the Networking Activity 4 (NA4) "Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake Data" of the EU NERIES project, a massive quantity of macroseismic data related to earthquakes of the past centuries is being published online. The NA4 working team is composed of many researchers coming from five European National Institutions. The retrieved data range from year 1000 to year 1900 and cover all of Europe. The presented tool "MIDOP" is being specifically developed for intuitive online publication of macroseismic maps of historical earthquakes. Fri, 02 Oct 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5883 Titolo: Upside-Down Landscapes: Seismicity and Seismic Disasters in Italy<br/><br/>Autori: Guidoboni, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia<br/><br/>Curatori: Armiero, M.; CNR; Hall, M.; University of Zurich<br/><br/>Abstract: The environment is not only the result of what can be seen or planned. There are also some hidden, geologically stable features, such as the ones that cause earthquakes, and that strongly interact with the inhabited world. For their geographical diffusion, the frequency and sheer scope of the damage they cause, earthquakes in Italy represent one of the least resolved aspects in the relationship between residential characteristics and the natural environment.The analysis of the Calabria, as case history, highlights the importance to examine carefully the relationship between strong seismic activity and social and economic development. The lifestyles, use of the territory, expectations concerning safety and the destructiveness of the earthquakes today implies a synergy between different disciplinary contributions. The frequency and the “predictability” of the seismic activity in many Italian areas should make the seismic scenarios a lot less sudden, actually we might even say they could be expected. Tue, 01 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5882 Titolo: Seismic disasters and poverty: some data and reflections on past and current trends<br/><br/>Autori: Guidoboni, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Jackson, J.; Dept. of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories, Cambridge UK<br/><br/>Curatori: Hansen, M.; Historische Seminar Kiel Germany; Riis, T.; Historische Seminar Kiel Germany<br/><br/>Abstract: Strong earthquakes and tsunamis, like other natural disasters (storms, hurricanes, floods) are destructive events that strongly affect the standard of living of the populations they hit. Their impact on human societies varies according to the frequency with which they occur, the quality of the buildings, the demographic density and the economy of the areas involved.In areas with a precarious economic equilibrium, natural disasters have increate the speed of impoverishment in the short and medium term. The economic and social impact of seismic disasters over the medium and long term can be ossesse by analysing the quality of reconstruction work and the time taken to carry it out. Historical and recent records show that when reconstruction is slow and funds are largely or totally lacking, there is a negative effect even on later generations, increasing the vulnerability of the buildings and therefore increasing the hazard from other later destructive events. At times when reconstruction work is being carried out, now as in the past, local economic crises, emigration, famine, plague may also occur, leading to further losses.In so far as the increasing disparity in living standards across the world is affected by seismic disasters, the scenarios we find today tend to be new, since earthquakes and tsunamis of the same size can have effects of widely varying severity depending on the context. The poorest and most densely populated areas in the world (Near East, Asia, and along the coast of South America), are those most likely to suffer major disasters in the near future. This general trend does not exclude the possibility of economically strong regions being struck by natural disasters resulting in high death tolls and serious economic damage (see the case of New Orleans, in 2004). The technological systems on which urban life depends are in fact very vulnerable.But the difference lies in the resources available for recovery and the time required to effect it. We can therefore be sure, not only that very poor and highly populated areas will suffer the worst natural disasters, but also that the destructive effects of these disasters will tend to worsen pre-existing poverty levels.The authors present some cases that highlight this historical and current trend in Iran, Pakistan and Italy. For Italy, they present a historical case study of Calabria over the last three centuries. A sequence of destructive earthquakes has played a crucial role in the economy and the culture of that region, which is today one of the poorest in Italy. Historical research has shown that this kind of poverty results from the loss, not only of houses and other buildings needed for production purposes, but also of knowledge, skills and trade exchanges. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5880 Titolo: Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Past. A Guide to Techniques in Historical Seismology<br/><br/>Autori: Guidoboni, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Ebel, J. E.; Boston College, Massachussetts<br/><br/>Abstract: This handbook defines the discipline of historical seismology by comprehensively detailing the latest research methodologies for studying historical earthquakes and tsunamis. It describes the many historical sources that contain references to seismic phenomena, discusses the critical problems of interpreting such sources, and presents a summary of the various theories proposed (from ancient Greek to modern times) to explain the causes of earthquakes – indispensable factors for understanding historical earthquake descriptions.The text presents numerous examples of interpretations and misinterpretations of historical earthquakes and tsunamis in order to illustrate the key techniques, with a chapter devoted to an explanation of the date and time systems used throughout history in Mediterranean Europe and the Near East. The authors also tie historical seismology research to archaeological investigations and demonstrate how new scientific databases and catalogues can be compiled from information derived from the methodologies described.This is an important new reference for scientists, engineers, historians and archaeologists on the methodologies for analysing earthquakes and tsunamis of the past. Illustrated with examples from a broad geographic region (including Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia and the Americas), the book provides a valuable foundation for understanding the Earth’s seismic past and potential future seismic hazard. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5705 Titolo: Towards a seismogenic source model of the Dinarides<br/><br/>Autori: Kastelic, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Tiberti, M. M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Rovida, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia; Albini, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia; Basili, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: Geology-based seismogenic source models are becoming the fundamental input for seismic hazard assessmentat the scale of an entire country. In this work, we will illustrate in simple steps the complex process that leadsfrom basic data to a fully-fledged seismogenic source model of the Dinaride thrust belt, running along coastalCroatia, Montenegro and part of Albania.We started from a layer of basic geological and structural data and explored a wide range of indicators of recenttectonic activity, such as drainage anomalies/diversions and displaced or warped geological markers. We thenanalyzed the interplay of these indicators with known or prospective tectonic structures. To the picture thusobtained, we added a layer with a revised historical seismic catalog and selected a few earthquakes for whichwe re-estimate epicenter and magnitude. At the end of our analyses we combined all these data in a structuredGIS database. With these data at hand, we also compared the longer-term indicators with present-daystress/strain data such as GPS velocities and earthquake focal solutions.Following the approach already developed for the construction of the Database of Individual SeismogenicSources for Italy, we developed a seismogenic source model for the Dinarides in which the better constrainedseismogenic faults have been mapped and parameterized and made ready for use in seismic hazard practice.We believe that our experience in the Dinarides will become useful in unifying and formalizing the process ofconstructing seismic source models in other countries. Wed, 09 Sep 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5608 Titolo: Information background of 11th-15th centuries earthquakes located by the current catalogues in Vrancea (Romania)<br/><br/>Autori: Tatevossian, R.; Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Moscow, Russia; Albini, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Milano-Pavia, Milano, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: Earthquake catalogues for Romania supply for 11th–15th century earthquakes located in the region of Vrancea records that consist of a complete set of parameters, including magnitude and depth. Scope of this paper is to verify the reliability and consistency of these parameters with the informative background as explicitly referenced by the catalogues. After retrieving the original sources they mention, the set of data appeared to be related almost exclusively to the Russian plain and too poor to be at the very origin of the parameter assessment. Data for 19th–20th century earthquakes, such as instrumental locations and CMT solutions, added to the understanding of the macroseismic response of the Russian plain to Vrancea earthquakes. On the one hand, the investigation and analysis of historical earthquake records for the fourteen events listed by the catalogues in the 11th–15th centuries has shown that for three earthquakes (1022, 1038, 1258) no primary sources could be traced, and three more earthquakes (1091, 1170 and 1328) are attested only by scarcely reliable records and had to be classified as doubtful, and one (1473) is simply a duplication of the 1471 event. On the other hand, the availability of data on recent earthquakes that may be compared to historical ones in terms of macroseismic effects allowed the authors to agree with the previous catalogue compilers’ solution with regard to both magnitude and depth of the past earthquakes for which do exist reliable primary historical records. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5486 Titolo: Preliminary Report on the Seismological and Geotechnical Aspects of the April 6 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake in Central Italy (Version 2.0)<br/><br/>Autori: Stewart, J.P.; University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Di Capua, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; et al.<br/><br/>Abstract: The L’Aquila earthquake occurred on April 6 2009 at 03:32:39 local time. Theearthquake was located in the central Italy region of Abruzzo. Much of the damageoccurred in the capital city of L’Aquila, a city of approximate population 73000,although many small villages in the surrounding regions were significantly damagedincluding Paganica, Castelnuovo, and Onna. Collapsed and damaged structures inL’Aquila included both older masonry buildings and relatively modern reinforcedconcrete structures. At the time of this writing, 307 people are known to have died from the earthquake, most in collapsed structures, making this the deadliest earthquake to strike Italy since the 1980 Irpinia earthquake.A number of reconnaissance teams were mobilized to the affected region in theweeks following the earthquake. The national institute of geophysics and volcanology(Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) mobilized a team of geologists (EMERGEO Working Group) to look for evidence of surface rupture and other effects;some of their findings are discussed in this report. The GEER team was assembled toinvestigate geological, seismological, and geotechnical engineering aspects of theevent. The international GEER team is comprised of members from Italy, Austria,Switzerland, Greece, and the United states. Team members were selected to provideneeded expertise in geology, engineering geology, GIS applications, earthquakeground motions, and geotechnical earthquake engineering. The team includesindividuals highly experienced in post-earthquake reconnaissance and relatively youngprofessionals investigating their first earthquake.The GEER team did not focus on structural engineering or lifeline aspects of theevent, which were investigated by an EERI team. The GEER and EERI activities wereclosely coordinated to optimize resources in the documentation of the valuable,perishable data associated with the earthquake effects.The GEER team employed a number of innovative technologies to facilitateeffective reconnaissance. All teams mobilized for field work had a common GPS unit and laptop with a Google Earth (GE) GIS database activity maintained over the courseof the work. The GE database was used to keep track of visited locations, but alsocontained maps of surface geology, locations of aftershocks, strong motion stations,and other information relevant to investigators in the field. Another valuable use oftechnology involved LIDAR mapping of a site having significant incidents of groundfailure (Lake Sinizzo).This report presents the GEER findings. Following this introduction, Chapter 2describes the geologic and tectonic setting, moment tensor solutions for the mainshockand several triggered events, analysis of aftershock patterns, and analysis of GPS andInSAR data. Included in Chapter 2 is a preliminary model of the ruptured fault. Chapter 3 describes the ground motions recorded during the mainshock by a digital instrument array. Metadata associated with the recordings is presented, trends in the recorded ground motions are presented, and preliminary comparisons to ground motionprediction equations are made. Chapter 4 presents damage patterns, both withinL’Aquila and through comparisons of damage intensities in adjacent villages with similarconstruction. The results provide valuable insights into possible site effects on groundmotion in regions where recordings are not available. Chapter 5 presents our findingson ground failure, defined as permanent ground deformations induced by theearthquake. Observed ground failure included several rockfalls, seismic compression offill materials, and apparent strength loss of soil materials leading to inward movement of the banks of a lake. Chapter 6 reviews the performance of earth dams and earthretaining structures, both of which generally performed well. Tue, 01 Sep 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5481 Titolo: The Correlation Between Historical and Instrumental Seismicity in the Sansepolcro Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy<br/><br/>Autori: Bernardi, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Ciaccio, M.G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Hunstad, I.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Palombo, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Ferrari, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: The area investigated, the Sansepolcro basin, is characterized by thepresence of important earthquakes in the past with estimated intensityeven larger than IX MCS (the 1352 Monterchi earthquake, the 1389Boccaserriola, the 1458 Citta’ di Castello, the 1781 Cagliese and the1917 Monterchi-Citerna earthquakes, CPTI Working Group, 2004) andby a surprisingly scarce instrumental seismicity compared to theadjacent areas struck by high seismicity (Castello et al., 2005; Ciaccioet al., 2006). The area north of Sansepolcro has been struck in recentyears by four minor sequences, occurred between 1987 and 2001 withmagnitude ranging from Ml3.0 to Mw4.7. In this work we analyse themost important earthquakes of the 20th century occurred in theAltotiberina Valley in 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1948; in particularinstrumental relocation, focal mechanisms and Ms and Mw magnitudeestimation are re-evaluated. The relocation of these earthquakes isparticularly critical and is an important issue. An instrumental andprecise location is critical for the complexity of the problems associatedwith the study of seismograms prior to the first half of the twentiethcentury and is relevant because in the surrounding regions higherseismicity is observed. Regarding this peculiarity of the area, it’s veryimportant to detect the location of the historical earthquakes: in particular,the 1917 event is often associated to the possibility that theregional low angle Altotiberina Fault (Barchi et al., 1998) is able or notto nucleate large- or moderate-magnitude events, being historicallylocated close to its surface (Boncio and Lavecchia, 2000). Sun, 19 Apr 2009 00:00:00 GMT