http://hdl.handle.net/2122/227 Thu, 20 Jun 2013 08:38:54 GMT 2013-06-20T08:38:54Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8660 Title: Geomorphological evidence from the MAPPA-Web-GIS: explanatory notes Authors: Bini, M.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italia; Bisson, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Pisa, Pisa, Italia; Capitani, M.; Laboratorio Mappa, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italia; Noti, V.; Laboratorio Mappa, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italia; Pappalardo, M.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italia Abstract: Detecting landforms in floodplains is perhaps the most challenging activity for a geomorphologist (Castiglioni 2001). In fact the natural evolution of a floodplain tends to cancel landforms soon after they are no longer active. The Pisa Plain, in particular, was formed in sea-level rise conditions, and thus its evolution was accompanied by a constant rise of base-level. Aggradation was then combined with progradation, resulting in a progressive burial of landforms. Nevertheless those landforms that were buried by more recent alluvium, such as stream channels or marshes, leave a fingerprint which may be visible on modern topography in the form of weak undulations in the ground floor. These are normally undetectable in the field and need an extremely detailed micro-relief representation to be highlighted. Such “inherited” landforms, even if recognized, are then difficult to classify and constrain chronologically. Finally their mutual relationships are hard to assess. Long-aged settlement contributes to modify past fluvial landforms in floodplains, creating an artificial drainage network and enhancing natural topographic highs building artificial ground levels. Specific great-scale surveys are necessary to investigate floodplains geomorphological setting, and a cross-disciplinary approach is in most cases indispensable (Piovan et alii 2006). A Digital Terrain Model reproducing the topography of investigated area with a very high spatial resolution becomes fundamental for studying some landscapes of difficult interpretation as the floodplains where the original morphologies can be lost or modified by the natural environmental changes or by the human activity (Ninfo et alii 2011). Mapping landforms is the first step to perform landscape interpretation. The representation code used by Italian scholars (Servizio Geologico Nazionale, 1994) is a powerful tool that provides all the necessary information to genetically constrain landforms and to assess their mutual relationship in time and space. In this work, though, we preferred not to use this type of representation. In fact in the MAPPA Project all data (archaeological, geological and geomorphological) are included in a digital mapping instrument (the MAPPA web-GIS) which provides access to all the project results for a wide community of end-users, such as researchers, professionals, operators of local public institutions, dealing with archaeological heritage protection, environmental management, natural hazard mitigation. This tool must be simple to consult and must enable real-time queries of data. For this reason a specific legend has been worked out for the MAPPA Web GIS geomorphological map. The milestone of geomorphological maps of the Pisa Plain (Mazzanti 1994) was actually based on cross-checking information on surface lithology with evidence from aerial photography and hystoricalarchaeological data. More recent documents (e.g. Provincia di Pisa http://sit.provincia.pisa.it), improved the resolution of the data but with limited accuracy due to the lack of a suitable topographic base. In the framework of the MAPPA Project new geomorphological evidence was collected thanks to the availability of a Lidar survey and new detailed remote sensing analyses (Bini et alii 2012). The Airborne Lidar Scanning (ALS), acquiring spatially dense altimetry data set over short periods of time, allows the production of very detailed Digital Terrain Models (DTM) even in areas strongly urbanized or covered by dense vegetation. Remote sensing enables to map those features that are hardly detectable in the field due to their scarce relief energy. The nature of surface fingerprints of buried landforms could be verified thanks to the project data base. These new data were represented according to a special code worked out in order to incorporate our data in the MAPPA-Web-GIS; this code will be illustrated in the following, together with the criteria used for landforms detection. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8660 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8478 Title: Integrating new and traditional approaches for the estimate of slip-rates of active faults: examples from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area, Central Italy Authors: Civico, Riccardo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia Abstract: This thesis developed a multidisciplinary and multi-scale investigation strategy based on the integration of traditional and innovative approaches aimed at improving the normal faults seismogenic identification and characterization, focusing mainly on slip-rate estimate as a measure of the fault activity. The L’Aquila Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 earthquake causative fault was used as a test site for the application, testing, and refinement of traditional and/or innovative approaches, with the aim to 1) evaluate their strength or limitations 2) develop a reference approach useful for extending the investigation to other active faults in the area and 3) translate the results of the methodological approaches into new inputs to local seismic hazard. The April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake occurred on a so far poorly known tectonic structure, considered having a limited seismic potential, the Paganica - San Demetrio fault system (PSDFS), and thus has highlighted the need for a detailed knowledge in terms of location, geometry, and characterization of the active faults that are the potential sources for future earthquakes. To fill the gap of knowledge enhanced by the occurrence of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, we developed a multidisciplinary and multiscale‐based strategy consisting of paleoseismological investigations, detailed geomorphological and geological field studies, as well as shallow geophysical imaging and an innovative methodology that uses, as an alternative paleoseismological tool, core sampling and laboratory analyses but also in situ measurements of physical properties. The integration of geomorphology, geology as well as shallow geophysics, was essential to produce a new detailed geomorphological and geological map of the PSDFS and to define its tectonic style, arrangement, kinematics, extent, geometry and internal complexities. Our investigations highlighted that the PSDFS is a 19 km-long tectonic structure characterized by a complex structural setting at the surface and that is arranged in two main sectors: the Paganica sector to the NW and the San Demetrio sector to SE. The Paganica sector is characterized by a narrow deformation zone, with a relatively small (but deep) Quaternary basin affected by few fault splays. The San Demetrio sector is characterized by a strain distribution at the surface that is accommodated by several tectonic structures, with the system opening into a set of parallel, km-spaced fault traces that exhume and dissect the Quaternary basin. The integration of all the fault displacement data and age constraints (radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and tephrochronology) resulting from paleoseismological, geomorphological, geophysical and geological investigations played a primary role in the estimate of the slip-rate of the PSDFS. Slip-rates were estimated for different time intervals in the Quaternary, from Early Pleistocene (1.8 Ma) to Late Holocene (last 5 ka), yielding values ranging between 0.09 and 0.58 mm/yr and providing an average Quaternary slip-rate representative for the PSDFS of 0.27 - 0.48 mm/yr. We contributed also to the understanding of the PSDFS seismic behavior and of the local seismic hazard by estimating the max expected magnitude for this fault on the basis of its length (ca. 20 km) and slip per event (up to 0.8 m), and identifying the two most active fault splays at present. Our multidisciplinary results converge toward the possibility of the occurrence of past surface faulting earthquakes characterized by a moment magnitude between 6.3 and 6.8, notably larger than the 2009 event, but compatible with the M range observed in historical earthquakes in the area. The slip-rate distribution over time and space and the tectonic style of the PSDFS suggested the occurrence of strain migration through time in the southern sector, from the easternmost basin-bounding fault splay toward the southwestern splays. This topic has a significant implication in terms of surface faulting hazard in the area, because it can contribute defining the fault splays that have a higher potential to slip during future earthquakes along the PSDFS. By a methodological point of view, the multidisciplinary and multiscale‐based investigation strategy emphasizes the advantages of the joint application of different approaches and methodologies for active faults identification and characterization. Our work suggests that each approach alone may provide sufficient information but only the application of a multidisciplinary strategy is effective in providing robust results and in defining a proper framework of active faults. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8478 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8455 Title: A photographic dataset of the coseismic geological effects induced on the environment by the 2012 Emilia (Northern Italy) earthquake sequence Authors: Alessio, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Alfonsi, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Brunori, C. A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Burrato, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Casula, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Cinti, F. R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Civico, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Colini, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Cucci, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; De Martini, P. M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Falcucci, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Galadini, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Gaudiosi, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Gori, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Mariucci, M. T.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Montone, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Moro, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Nappi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Nardi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Nave, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Pantosti, D.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Patera, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Pesci, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Pignone, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Pinzi, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Pucci, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Vannoli, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Venuti, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Villani, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; EMERGEO, Working Group; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia Abstract: We present a collection of pictures of the coseismic secondary geological effects produced on the environment by the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence in northern Italy. The May-June 2012 sequence struck a broad area located in the Po Plain region, causing 26 deaths and hundreds of injured, 15.000 homeless, severe damage of historical centres and industrial areas, and an estimated economic toll of ~2 billion of euros. The sequence included two mainshocks (Figure 1): the first one, with ML 5.9, occurred on May 20 between Finale Emilia, S. Felice sul Panaro and S. Martino Spino; the second one, with ML 5.8, occurred 12 km southwest of the previous mainshock on May 29. Both the mainshocks occurred on about E-W trending, S dipping blind thrust faults; the whole aftershocks area extends in an E-W direction for more than 50 km and includes five ML≥5.0 events and more than 1800 ML>1.5 events. Ground cracks and liquefactions were certainly the most relevant coseismic geological effects observed during the Emilia sequence. In particular, extensive liquefaction was observed over an area of ~1200 km2 following the May 20 and May 29 events. We collected all the coseismic geological evidence through field survey, helicopter and powered hang-glider trike survey, and reports from local people directly checked in the field. On the basis of their morphologic and structural characteristics the 1362 effects surveyed were grouped into three main categories: a) liquefactions related to overpressure of aquifers, occurring through several aligned vents forming coalescent flat cones (485 effects); b) liquefactions with huge amounts of liquefied sand and fine sand ejected from fractures tens of meters long (768); c) extensional fractures with small vertical throws, apparently organized in an en-echelon pattern, with no effects of liquefaction (109). The photographic dataset consists of 99 pictures of coseismic geological effects observed in 17 localities concentrated in the epicentral area. The pictures are sorted and presented by locality of observation; each photo reports several information such as the name of the site, the geographical coordinates and the type of effect observed. Figure 1 shows a map of the pictures sites along with the location of the two mainshocks; Figure 2 shows a detail of the distribution of the liquefactions in the area of S. Carlo. The complete description of the coseismic geological effects induced by the Emilia sequence, their relation with the aftershock area, the InSAR deformation area and the I>6 EMS felt area, along with the description of the technologies used for data sourcing and processing are shown in Emergeo Working Group [2012a and 2012b]. Sun, 30 Sep 2012 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8455 2012-09-30T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8300 Title: High-resolution shallow seismic tomography of a hydrothermal area: application to the Solfatara, Pozzuoli Authors: Letort, J.; ISTERRE, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS UMR 5275, Universit´e Grenoble 1, France.; Roux, P.; ISTERRE, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS UMR 5275, Universit´e Grenoble 1, France.; Vandemeulebrouck, J.; ISTERRE, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS UMR 5275, Université de Savoie, Chamb´ery, France; Coutant, O.; ISTERRE, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS UMR 5275, Universit´e Grenoble 1, France.; Cros, E.; ISTERRE, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS UMR 5275, Universit´e de Savoie, Chamb´ery, France; Wathelet, M.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit`a di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Cardellini, C.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit`a di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Avino, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia Abstract: The Solfatara is one of the major volcanoes of the Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) volcanic complex, and it is located in a densely populated area a few kilometres west of the city of Naples. It is an active resurgent caldera that has been characterized by a rich history of surface–ground deformation and soil diffuse degassing and fumarolic emissions, which are indications of the top of a hydrothermal plume. A seismic survey was completed in May 2009 for the characterization of the main subsurface features of the Solfatara. Using the complete data set, we have carried out surface wave inversion with high spatial resolution. A classical minimization of a least-squares objective function was first computed to retrieve the dispersion curves of the surface waves. Then, the fitting procedure between the data and a three-sedimentlayer forward model was carried out (to a depth of 7 m), using an improved version of the neighbourhood algorithm. The inversion results indicate a NE-SW fault, which is not visible at the surface. This was confirmed by a temperature survey conducted in 2010. A passive seismic experiment localized the ambient noise sources that correlate well with the areas of high CO2 flux and high soil temperatures. Finally, considering that the intrinsic attenuation is proportional to the frequency, a centroid analysis provides an overview of the attenuation of the seismic waves, which is closely linked to the petrophysical properties of the rock. These different approaches that merge complete active and passive seismic data with soil temperature and CO2 flux maps confirm the presence of the hydrothermal system plume. Some properties of the top of the plume are indicated and localized. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8300 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8297 Title: Early signals of new volcanic unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera? Insights from geochemical data and physical simulations Authors: Chiodini, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Caliro, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; De Martino, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Avino, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Gherardi, F.; Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy Abstract: For the fi rst time a physical model, constrained by monitoring data, is used to derive a quantitative estimate of the evolution in time of magmatic gases that enter a hydrothermal system of an active volcano. The site is Campi Flegrei (west of Naples, in Italy), a caldera that had a large ground infl ation in 1982–1984 followed by 20 yr of subsidence. More recently the behavior of the system has changed: the magmatic component of fumaroles has increased, swarms of earthquakes are more frequent, and the ground has started a general uplifting trend, indicating that the hydrothermal system undergoes repeated injections of magmatic fl uid. Physical simulations of the process show that total injected fl uid masses are the same order of magnitude as those emitted during small to medium size volcanic eruptions, and their cumulative curve highlights a current period of increasing activity. Gas emission studies coupled with physical modeling can be extremely effective in predicting magmatic evolution and eruptive activity at volcanoes. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8297 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7869 Title: Correlation of welded ignimbrites on Pantelleria (Strait of Sicily) using paleomagnetism Authors: Speranza, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Di Chiara, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Rotolo, S. G.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy Abstract: Although the oldest volcanic rocks exposed at Pantelleria (Strait of Sicily) are older than 300 ka, most of the island is covered by the 45–50 ka Green Tuff ignimbrite, thought to be related to the Cinque Denti caldera, and younger lavas and scoria cones. Pre-50 ka rocks (predominantly rheomorphic ignimbrites) are exposed at isolated sea cliffs, and their stratigraphy and chronology are not completely resolved. Based on volcanic stratigraphy and K/Ar dating, it has been proposed that the older La Vecchia caldera is related to ignimbrite Q (114 ka), and that ignimbrites F, D, and Z (106, 94, and 79 ka, respectively) were erupted after caldera formation. We report here the paleomagnetic directions obtained from 23 sites in ignimbrite P (133 ka) and four younger ignimbrites, and from an uncorrelated (and loosely dated) welded lithic breccia thought to record a caldera-forming eruption. The paleosecular variation of the geomagnetic field recorded by ignimbrites is used as correlative tool, with an estimated time resolution in the order of 100 years. We find that ignimbrites D and Z correspond, in good agreement with recent Ar/Ar ages constraining the D/Z eruption to 87 ka. The welded lithic breccia correlates with a thinner breccia lying just below ignimbrite P at another locality, implying that collapse of the La Vecchia caldera took place at ~130–160 ka. This caldera was subsequently buried by ignimbrites P, Q, F, and D/Z. Paleomagnetic data also show that the northern caldera margin underwent a ~10° west–northwest (outwards) tilting after emplacement of ignimbrite P, possibly recording magma resurgence in the crust. Wed, 29 Feb 2012 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7869 2012-02-29T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7734 Title: The Campi Flegrei (Campania, Southern Italy) 2000-2006 ground deformation episode analyzed in the light of the local seismotectonic background. Authors: Nappi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Aquino, I.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Ricco, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Alessio, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Del Gaudio, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia Abstract: The Campi Flegrei is an active volcanic area characterized by many different eruptive episodes. A peculiar behaviour of Campi Flegrei since historical times has been the bradyseism, characterized by alternating intense ground uplift and slow subsidence episodes, with intense seismic activity. The major bradyseismic crises occurred in 1969-1972 (maximum ground uplift of about 177 cm), accompanied by seismic crises consisting of 4000 earthquakes of moderate energy (maximummagnitude MD=2.5), and in 1982-1984 (about 179 cm), characterized by 15000 earthquakes located in the central area of maximum deformation, near the harbour of Pozzuoli (Orsi et al., 1999). Minor crises were observed recently in 1989, 1994, 2000 and the last from June 2004 to October 2006, with slight ground deformation and low seismicity located in the eastern side of the Solfatara crater. The goal of our paper is to reconstruct the deformation pattern in the Campi Flegrei in 2000- 2006, respect to the previous periods, particularly as regards its eastern sector, through the analysis of the altimetric and the tiltmetric measurements. In detail the uplift recorded by the tilt stations during the 2006 show asymmetrical deformation pattern with a higher tilt value observed near the Solfatara sector (Ricco et al., 2007). This deformation has been correlated to the hypocentral locations of the local seismic events over the same period, and also to the morphostructural lineaments derived from high resolution DTM (Digital Terrain Model). The results show a recent remarkable change of the deformation pattern in the eastern sector of the Campi Flegrei, which has been correlated with NNW-SSE active structural discontinuity on the eastern border of the Solfatara crater. Sun, 30 May 2010 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7734 2010-05-30T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7729 Title: The effects of vegetation coverage, topography and coastal orientation on the 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Japan) tsunami inundation investigated by satellite data Authors: Chini, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Piscini, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Amici, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Nappi, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; De Martini, P. M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia Abstract: We have studied the disastrous effects of the tsunami triggered by the earthquake (M 9.0) occurred on March 11th, 2011 offshore the Honshu island (Japan). The tsunami caused a huge amount of casualties and severe damages along the coastline of most of the island. The dataset used is composed of data in the visible and thermal spectral range provided by ASTER sensors, and in the microwave range from the active SAR sensors by ENVISAT mission. The processing and the analysis of this large amount of data from different sensors was performed in order to obtain the tsunami inundation map of the Sendai coastal area. Unsupervised and supervised classification algorithms have been applied to provide land cover change detection maps. The identified classes are: stressed vegetation, infrastructure and structure damage, flooded and debris areas. A maximum value of the inundation, about 6 km, is found in the central portion of the Sendai plain and the distance drops to about 1 km at the edges of the plain. The maximum inundation line has been jointly analyzed with the ASTER DTM providing the run-up, values ranging from a minimum of few meters to a maximum of 35m. We point out that the high-relief and the slope gradient are the main inland factors influencing the inundation distance in the study sector, while the vegetation cover and the coastal strike do not significantly affect run-up and wave inundation. Sun, 18 Sep 2011 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7729 2011-09-18T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7421 Title: A CO2-rich magma source beneath the Phlegraean Volcanic District (Southern Italy): Authors: Mormone, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Piochi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Bellatreccia, F.; Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy; De Astis, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Moretti, R.; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Ingegneria Ambientale (CIRIAM) & Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Aversa (CE), Italy; Della Ventura, G.; Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy; Cavallo, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Mangiacapra, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia Abstract: We present a study of olivine-hosted glass/melt inclusions (MIs) in the most primitive rocks erupted at Procida Island, within the Phlegraean Volcanic District (PVD), Southern Italy. MIs were analyzed by combined Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray-detectors, Wavelength Dispersive X-rayequipped Electron Microprobe and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy; notably, the novel Focal- Plane-Array mode provided high-resolution FT-IR images evidencing the distribution of the C–H–O species across samples. Olivines range in composition from Fo85 to Fo90, do not show chemical zoning and are totally anhydrous. The majority of the MIs are glassy, while only few are completely crystallized. Some MIs, however, show the occurrence of crystal nuclei, i.e., nano- to micro-sized pyroxenes and oxides, and appear as lowcrystallized MIs. The glass of crystal-free and low-crystallized MIs shows K-affinity and a compositional range along the basalt, trachy-basalt, shoshonite, tephrite basanite and phono-tephrite array. H2O and CO2 contents up to 2.69 wt.% and 2653 ppm, respectively, define a major degassing trend with small isobaric deviations. The collected data allow recalculating entrapment pressures from ~350 MPa to b50 MPa and suggest that the magma ascent was dominated by degassing. Crystallization was aminor process, likely also consequent to local CO2-fluxing. Mingling occurred between variable degassed and crystallized magma portions during decompression. The geochemical and isotopic data of Procida glasses and rocks, and the compositional relationship between our MIs and those from slightly more evolved and radiogenic Phlegraean products, indicate that Procida basalts are an adequate parental end-member for the PVD. Our data suggest that a CO2- rich magma source was stored at depths of at least 13–14 km (i.e., 350 MPa) beneath the PVD. Fast ascent of magma batches directly started from this depth shortly before PVD trachy-basaltic to shoshonitic eruptions. Such results have implication on volcanic hazard assessment in the PVD area. Sun, 12 Jun 2011 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7421 2011-06-12T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7104 Title: Societal need for improved understanding of climate change, anthropogenic impacts, and geo-hazard warning drive development of ocean observatories in European Seas Authors: Ruhl, H. A.; NOCS; Andrè, M.; UPC; Beranzoli, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Çagatay, M. N.; ITU; Colaço, A.; Univ. Azores; Cannat, M.; IPGP; Dañobeitia, J. J.; CSIC-UTM; Favali, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Géli, L.; IFREMER; Gillooly, M.; IMI; Greinert, J.; NIOZ; Hall, P. O. J.; Univ. Goteborg; Huber, R.; MARUM; Karstensen, J.; Univ. Kiel; Lampitt, R. S.; NOCS; Larkin, K. E.; NOCS; Lykousis, V.; HCMR; Mienert, J.; Univ. Tromsø; Miranda, J. M.; Univ. Lisboa; Person, R.; IFREMER; Priede, I. G.; Univ. Aberdeen; Puillat, I.; IFREMER; Thomsen, L.; Jacobs Univ. Bremen; Waldmann, C.; MARUM Abstract: Society’s needs for a network of in situ ocean observing systems cross many areas of earth and marine science. Here we review the science themes that benefit from data supplied from ocean observatories. Understanding from existing studies is fragmented to the extent that it lacks the coherent long-term monitoring needed to address questions at the scales essential to understand climate change and improve geo-hazard early warning. Data sets from the deep sea are particularly rare with long-term data available from only a few locations worldwide. These science areas have impacts on societal health and well-being and our awareness of ocean function in a shifting climate. Substantial efforts are underway to realise a network of open-ocean observatories around European Seas that will operate over multiple decades. Some systems are already collecting high-resolution data from surface, water column, seafloor, and sub-seafloor sensors linked to shore by satellite or cable connection in real or near-real time, along with samples and other data collected in a delayed mode. We expect that such observatories will contribute to answering major ocean science questions including: How can monitoring of factors such as seismic activity, pore fluid chemistry and pressure, and gas hydrate stability improve seismic, slope failure, and tsunami warning? What aspects of physical oceanography, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystems will be most sensitive to climatic and anthropogenic change? What are natural versus anthropogenic changes? Most fundamentally, how are marine processes that occur at differing scales related? The development of ocean observatories provides a substantial opportunity for ocean science to evolve in Europe. Here we also describe some basic attributes of network design. Observatory networks provide the means to coordinate and integrate the collection of standardised data capable of bridging measurement scales across a dispersed area in European Seas adding needed certainty to estimates of future oceanic conditions. Observatory data can be analysed along with other data such as those from satellites, drifting floats, autonomous underwater vehicles, model analysis, and the known distribution and abundances of marine fauna in order to address some of the questions posed above. Standardised methods for information management are also becoming established to ensure better accessibility and traceability of these data sets and ultimately to increase their use for societal benefit. The connection of ocean observatory effort into larger frameworks including the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and the Global Monitoring of Environment and Security (GMES) is integral to its success. It is in a greater integrated framework that the full potential of the component systems will be realised. Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7104 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z