http://hdl.handle.net/2122/170 Sun, 19 May 2013 14:36:45 GMT 2013-05-19T14:36:45Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8646 Title: Detection potential of the KM3NeT detector for high-energy neutrinos from the Fermi bubbles Authors: Adrián-Martínez, S.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Ageron, M.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Aguilar, J. A.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Aharonian, F.; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland; Aiello, S.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Albert, A.; Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies, (GRPHE)/EA3438/Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France; Alexandri, M.; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece; Ameli, F.; INFN Sezione di Roma, Italy; Anassontzis, E. G.; University of Athens, Greece; Anghinolfi, M.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Anton, G.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Anvar, S.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Ardid, M.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Assis Jesus, A.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Aubert, J. -J.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Bakker, R.; Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands; Ball, A. E.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Barbarino, G.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, University of Napoli, Italy; Barbarito, E.; INFN Sezione di Bari, University of Bari, Italy; Barbato, F.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, University of Napoli, Italy; Baret, B.; APC – AstroParticule et Cosmologie, UMR 7164, CNRS, Université Paris 7, CEA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France; de Bel, M.; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Belias, A.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Bellou, N.; University of Kiel, Germany; Berbee, E.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Berkien, A.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bersani, A.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Bertin, V.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Beurthey, S.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Biagi, S.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Bigongiari, C.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Bigourdan, B.; IFREMER, France; Billault, M.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; de Boer, R.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Boer Rookhuizen, H.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bonori, M.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Borghini, M.; CNR-ISMAR, La Spezia, Trieste, Genova, Italy; Bou-Cabo, M.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Bouhadef, B.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Bourlis, G.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Bouwhuis, M.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bradbury, S.; University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Brown, A.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Bruni, F.; Tecnomare, Ven, Italy; Brunner, J.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Brunoldi, M.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Busto, J.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Cacopardo, G.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Caillat, L.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Calvo Díaz-Aldagalán, D.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Calzas, A.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Canals, M.; University of Barcelona, Spain; Capone, A.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Carr, J.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Castorina, E.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Cecchini, S.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Ceres, A.; INFN Sezione di Bari, University of Bari, Italy; Cereseto, R.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Chaleil, Th.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Chateau, F.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Chiarusi, T.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Choqueuse, D.; IFREMER, France; Christopoulou, P.E.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Chronis, G.; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece; Ciaffoni, O.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy; Circella, M.; INFN Sezione di Bari, University of Bari, Italy; Cocimano, R.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Cohen, F.; Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies, (GRPHE)/EA3438/Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France; Colijn, F.; University of Kiel, Germany; Coniglione, R.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Cordelli, M.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy; Cosquer, A.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Costa, M.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Coyle, P.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Craig, J.; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Creusot, A.; APC – AstroParticule et Cosmologie, UMR 7164, CNRS, Université Paris 7, CEA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France; Curtil, C.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; D’Amico, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Damy, G.; IFREMER, France; De Asmundis, R.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy; De Bonis, G.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Decock, G.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Decowski, P.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Delagnes, E.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; De Rosa, G.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, University of Napoli, Italy; Distefano, C.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Donzaud, C.; APC – AstroParticule et Cosmologie, UMR 7164, CNRS, Université Paris 7, CEA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France; Dornic, D.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.; KVI, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Drogou, J.; IFREMER, France; Drouhin, D.; Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies, (GRPHE)/EA3438/Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France; Druillole, F.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Drury, L.; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland; Durand, D.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Durand, G. A.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Eberl, T.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Emanuele, U.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Enzenhöfer, A.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Ernenwein, J. -P.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Escoffier, S.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Espinosa, V.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Etiope, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Favali, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Felea, D.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Ferri, M.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Ferry, S.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Flaminio, V.; University of Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien/IN2P3/CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Folger, F.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Fotiou, A.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Fritsch, U.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Gajanana, D.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Garaguso, R.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Gasparini, G. P.; CNR-ISMAR, La Spezia, Trieste, Genova, Italy; Gasparoni, F.; Tecnomare, Ven, Italy; Gautard, V.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Gensolen, F.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Geyer, K.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Giacomelli, G.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Gialas, I.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Giordano, V.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Giraud, J.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Gizani, N.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Gleixner, A.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Gojak, C.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Gómez-González, J. P.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Graf, K.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Grasso, D.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Grimaldi, A.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Groenewegen, R.; Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands; Guédé, Z.; IFREMER, France; Guillard, G.; University of Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien/IN2P3/CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Guilloux, F.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Habel, R.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy; Hallewell, G.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; van Haren, H.; Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands; van de Hoek, M.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Hogenbirk, J.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Hößl, J.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Hsu, C. C.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Imbesi, M.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Jamieson, A.; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Jansweijer, P.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; de Jong, M.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jouvenot, F.; University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kadler, M.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; KVI, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Kalekin, O.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Kappes, A.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Karolak, M.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Katz, U. F.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Kavatsyuk, O.; KVI, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Keller, P.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Kiskiras, Y.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Klein, R.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Kok, H.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Kontoyiannis, H.; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece; Kooijman, P.; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Koopstra, J.; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Kopper, C.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Korporaal, A.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Koske, P.; University of Kiel, Germany; Kouchner, A.; APC – AstroParticule et Cosmologie, UMR 7164, CNRS, Université Paris 7, CEA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France; Koutsoukos, S.; University of Athens, Greece; Kreykenbohm, I.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Kulikovskiy, V.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Laan, M.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; La Fratta, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Lagier, P.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Lahmann, R.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Lamare, P.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Larosa, G.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Lattuada, D.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Leisos, A.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Lenis, D.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Leonora, E.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Le Provost, H.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Lim, G.; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Llorens, C. D.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Lloret, J.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Löhner, H.; KVI, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Lloret, J.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Löhner, H.; KVI, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Lo Presti, D.; INFN Sezione di Catania, University of Catania, Italy; Lotrus, P.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Louis, F.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Lucarelli, F.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Lykousis, V.; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece; Malyshev, D.; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland; Mangano, S.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Marcoulaki, E. C.; National Center of Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos’’, Athens, Greece; Margiotta, A.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Marinaro, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Marinelli, A.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Maris, O.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Markopoulos, E.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Markou, C.; National Center of Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos’’, Athens, Greece; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Institut d’Investigació per a la Gestió integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica València, Gandia, Spain; Martini, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy; Marvaldi, J.; IFREMER, France; Masullo, R.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Maurin, G.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Migliozzi, P.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy; Migneco, E.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Minutoli, S.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Miraglia, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Mollo, C. M.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy; Mongelli, M.; INFN Sezione di Bari, University of Bari, Italy; Monmarthe, E.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Morganti, M.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Mos, S.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Motz, H.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Moudden, Y.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Mul, G.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Musico, P.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Musumeci, M.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Naumann, Ch.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Neff, M.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Nicolaou, C.; University of Cyprus, Cyprus; Orlando, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Palioselitis, D.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Papageorgiou, K.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Păvălaş, G. E.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Peek, H. Z.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Perkin, J.; University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Piattelli, P.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Popa, V.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Pradier, T.; University of Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien/IN2P3/CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Presani, E.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Priede, I.G.; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Psallidas, A.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Rabouille, C.; CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, LSCE/IPSL, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Racca, C.; Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies, (GRPHE)/EA3438/Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France; Radu, A.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Randazzo, N.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Rapidis, P. A.; National Center of Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos’’, Athens, Greece; Razis, P.; University of Cyprus, Cyprus; Real, D.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Reed, C.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Reito, S.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Resvanis, L. K.; University of Athens, Greece; Riccobene, G.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Richter, R.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Roensch, K.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Rolin, J.; IFREMER, France; Rose, J.; University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Roux, J.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Rovelli, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Russo, A.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, University of Napoli, Italy; Russo, G. V.; INFN Sezione di Catania, University of Catania, Italy; Salesa, F.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Samtleben, D.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Sapienza, P.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Schmelling, J. -W.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Schmid, J.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Schnabel, J.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Schroeder, K.; CNR-ISMAR, La Spezia, Trieste, Genova, Italy; Schuller, J. -P.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Schussler, F.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Sciliberto, D.; INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; Sedita, M.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Seitz, T.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Shanidze, R.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Simeone, F.; INFN Sezione di Roma, University of Roma 1 ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy; Siotis, I.; National Center of Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos’’, Athens, Greece; Sipala, V.; INFN Sezione di Cagliari, University of Sassari, Italy; Sollima, C.; INFN Sezione di Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy; Sparnocchia, S.; CNR-ISMAR, La Spezia, Trieste, Genova, Italy; Spies, A.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Spurio, M.; INFN Sezione di Bologna, University of Bologna, Italy; Staller, T.; University of Kiel, Germany; Stavrakakis, S.; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece; Steijger, J.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Stolarczyk, T.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Stransky, D.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Taiuti, M.; INFN Sezione di Genova, University of Genova, Italy; Taylor, A.; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland; Thompson, L.; University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Timmer, P.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tonoiu, D.; Institute of Space Science, Ma˘gurele-Bucharest, Romania; Toscano, S.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Touramanis, C.; University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Trasatti, L.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy; Traverso, P.; CNR-ISMAR, La Spezia, Trieste, Genova, Italy; Trovato, A.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Tsirigotis, A.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Tzamarias, S.; Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Tzamariudaki, E.; National Center of Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos’’, Athens, Greece; Urbano, F.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Vallage, B.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Van Elewyck, V.; APC – AstroParticule et Cosmologie, UMR 7164, CNRS, Université Paris 7, CEA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France; Vannoni, G.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Vecchi, M.; CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France; Vernin, P.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Viola, S.; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy; Vivolo, D.; INFN Sezione di Napoli, University of Napoli, Italy; Wagner, S.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Werneke, P.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; White, R. J.; University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Wijnker, G.; Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wilms, J.; Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; de Wolf, E.; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Yepes, H.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Zhukov, V.; NOA/NESTOR, Pylos, Greece; Zonca, E.; CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Zornoza, J. D.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; Zúñiga, J.; IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, Spain; The KM3NeT Collaboration Abstract: A recent analysis of the Fermi Large Area Telescope data provided evidence for a high-intensity emission of high-energy gamma rays with a E 2 spectrum from two large areas, spanning 50 above and below the Galactic centre (the ‘‘Fermi bubbles’’). A hadronic mechanism was proposed for this gamma-ray emission making the Fermi bubbles promising source candidates of high-energy neutrino emission. In this work Monte Carlo simulations regarding the detectability of high-energy neutrinos from the Fermi bubbles with the future multi-km3 neutrino telescope KM3NeT in the Mediterranean Sea are presented. Under the hypothesis that the gamma-ray emission is completely due to hadronic processes, the results indicate that neutrinos from the bubbles could be discovered in about one year of operation, for a neutrino spectrum with a cutoff at 100 TeV and a detector with about 6 km3 of instrumented volume. The effect of a possible lower cutoff is also considered. Thu, 31 Jan 2013 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8646 2013-01-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8588 Title: Predictability of the mid-latitude Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a multi-model system Authors: Pohlmann, H.; Max-Planck-Institut fu ̈r Meteorologie,; Smith, D. M.; Met Office Hadley Centre; Balmaseda, M. A.; ECMWF; Keenlyside, N. S.; Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre, University of Bergen; Masina, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Matei, D.; Max-Planck-Institut fu ̈r Meteorologie,; Muller, W. A.; Max-Planck-Institut fu ̈r Meteorologie,; Rogel, P.; CERFACS Abstract: Assessing the skill of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in decadal hindcasts (i.e. retrospective predictions) is hampered by a lack of obser- vations for verification. Models are therefore needed to reconstruct the historical AMOC variability. Here we show that ten recent oceanic syntheses provide a common signal of AMOC variability at 45°N, with an increase from the 1960s to the mid-1990s and a decrease thereafter although they disagree on the exact magnitude. This signal corre- lates with observed key processes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, sub-polar gyre strength, Atlantic sea surface temperature dipole, and Labrador Sea convection that are thought to be related to the AMOC. Furthermore, we find potential predictability of the mid-latitude AMOC for the first 3–6 year means when we validate decadal hindcasts for the past 50 years against the multi-model signal. However, this predictability is not found in models driven only by external radiative changes, demonstrating the need for initialization of decadal climate predictions. Mon, 31 Dec 2012 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8588 2012-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8581 Title: Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in future scenarios: atmospheric energy and water balance perspective Authors: Alessandri, A.; ENEA; Fogli, P. G.; CMCC; Vichi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Zeng, N.; University of Mariland Abstract: Future climate scenarios experiencing global warming are expected to strengthen the hydrological cycle during the 21st century (21C). We analyze the strengthening of the global-scale increase in precipitation from the perspective of changes in whole atmospheric water and energy balances. By combining energy and water equations for the whole atmosphere, we obtain constraints for the changes in surface fluxes and partitioning at the surface between sensible and latent components. We investigate the differences in the strengthening of the hydrological cycle in two centennial simulations performed with an Earth system model forced with specified atmospheric concentration pathways. Alongside the Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) A1B, which is a medium-high non-mitigation scenario, we consider a new aggressive-mitigation scenario (E1) with reduced fossil fuel use for energy production aimed at stabilizing global warming below 2 K. Our results show that the mitigation scenario effectively constrains the global warming with a stabilization below 2 K with respect to the 1950–2000 historical period. On the other hand, the E1 precipitation does not follow the temperature field toward a stabilization path but continues to increase over the mitigation period. Quite unexpectedly, the mitigation scenario is shown to strengthen the hydrological cycle even more than SRES A1B till around 2070. We show that this is mostly a consequence of the larger increase in the negative radiative imbalance of atmosphere in E1 compared to A1B. This appears to be primarily related to decreased sulfate aerosol concentration in E1, which considerably reduces atmospheric absorption of solar radiation compared to A1B. The last decades of the 21C show a marked increase in global precipitation in A1B compared to E1, despite the fact that the two scenarios display almost the same overall increase of radiative imbalance with respect to the 20th century. Our results show that radiative cooling is weakly effective in A1B throughout the 21C. Two distinct mechanisms characterize the diverse strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the middle and end- 21C. It is only through a very large perturbation of surface fluxes that A1B achieves a larger increase in global precipitation in the last decades of the 21C. Our energy/water budget analysis shows that this behavior is ultimately due to a bifurcation in the Bowen ratio change between the two scenarios. This work warns that mitigation policies that promote aerosol abatement, may lead to an unexpected stronger intensification of the hydrological cycle and associated changes that may last for decades after global warming is effectively mitigated. On the other hand, it is also suggested that predictable components of the radiative forcing by aerosols may have the potential to effectively contribute to the decadal-scale predictability of changes in the hydrological strength. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8581 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8437 Title: Combining model and geostationary satellite data to reconstruct the hourly SST field over the Mediterranean Sea Authors: Marullo, S.; Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, ENEA; Santoleri, R.; CNR Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima; Ciani, D.; CNR Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima; Le Borgne, P.; Meteo-France/DP/CMS; Pere, S.; Meteo-France/DP/CMS; Pinardi, N.; Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita' di Bologna; Tonani, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Nardone, G.; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Abstract: This work focuses on the Sea Surface Temperature diurnal cycle reconstruction over the Mediterranean Sea by combining numerical model analyses and geostationary satellite measurements. Our approach is to take advantage of geostationary satellite observations as the diurnal signal source to produce gap‐free optimally interpolated (OI) hourly SST fields using model analyses as first guess. The work is focused on summer 2011 including all the data and model output from June 1st to August 31st 2011. The OI interpolation estimate, the model first guess (provided by an operational forecasting model) and the SEVIRI data (provided by O&SI SAF) were evaluated using drifter and mooring data as a references. Special attention was devoted to the analysis of Diurnal Warming (DW) events that were particularly frequent during this period. Results suggest the following: 1) the model reproduces quite well the Mediterranean SST diurnal cycle with the exclusion of intense DW events but the amplitude of the model cycle is often less intense than the corresponding SEVIRI and drifter observations, due to the different thickness of the surface ocean layer they represent. Time shifts between model and data warming/cooling phases of the day are also discussed. 2) The Diurnal OI SST field (DOISST), resulting from the blending of model and SEVIRI data via optimal interpolation, well reproduces the diurnal cycle (including DW events) leaving substantially unchanged the statistics of the difference between SEVIRI and drifter measurements also in data void positions where the interpolation operates. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8437 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8232 Title: Dynamical budgets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current using ocean general-circulation models Authors: Grezio, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Wells, N. C.; Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK; Ivchenko, V. O.; Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK; De Cuevas, B. A.; Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK Abstract: Three general-circulation models (FRAM, OCCAM and POP) are used to investigate the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) at the latitudes of the Drake Passage where the ACC is unbounded. In these general circulation models, bottom form stress balances the wind stress in the momentum budgets. In the vorticity budgets, the main balance is between wind curl and bottom pressure torque in FRAM, OCCAM and POP. Moreover, in the ACC belt all topographic features are regions of nonlinearity and bottom pressure torque variations, with the Drake Passage playing the largest role. Transient eddy Reynolds stresses (TERSs) play a different role in the three models. In the upper levels, TERSs accelerate the flow in the POP and FRAM models, but decelerate the flow in OCCAM. The behaviour of TERSs change throughout the whole water column in the ACC belt and Reynolds stresses have a dragging effect on the flow below the levels where the topography starts to obstruct the flow. The total volume transport in three models is very different. Additionally, the different spatial resolution, which results in a different level of eddy kinetic energy, has a significant influence on the transport. Fri, 31 Dec 2004 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8232 2004-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8193 Title: Global response to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton in a coupled climate model Authors: Patara, L.; CMCC; Vichi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Masina, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Fogli, P. G.; CMCC; Manzini, E.; MPI Abstract: The global climate response to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton is investigated by performing multi-century simulations with a coupled ocean–atmosphere-biogeochemistry model. The absorption of solar radiation by phytoplankton increases radiative heating in the near-surface ocean and raises sea surface temperature (SST) by overall ~0.5°C. The resulting increase in evaporation enhances specific atmospheric humidity by 2–5%, thereby increasing the Earth’s greenhouse effect and the atmospheric temperatures. The Hadley Cell exhibits a weakening and poleward expansion, therefore reducing cloudiness at subtropical-middle latitudes and increasing it at tropical latitudes except near the Equator. Higher SST at polar latitudes reduces sea ice cover and albedo, thereby increasing the high-latitude ocean absorption of solar radiation. Changes in the atmospheric baroclinicity cause a poleward intensification of mid-latitude westerly winds in both hemispheres. As a result, the North Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation extends more northward, and the equatorward Ekman transport is enhanced in the Southern Ocean. The combination of local and dynamical processes decreases upper-ocean heat content in the Tropics and in the subpolar Southern Ocean, and increases it at middle latitudes. This study highlights the relevance of coupled ocean–atmosphere processes in the global climate response to phytoplankton solar absorption. Given that simulated impacts of phytoplankton on physical climate are within the range of natural climate variability, this study suggests the importance of phytoplankton as an internal constituent of the Earth’s climate and its potential role in participating in its long-term climate adjustments. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8193 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8191 Title: Investigating the impact of surface wave breaking on modeling the trajectories of drifters in the northern Adriatic Sea during a wind-storm event Authors: Carniel, S.; CNR-ISMAR; Warner, J. C.; USGS; Sclavo, M.; CNR-ISMAR; Chigiato, J.; NURC Abstract: An accurate numerical prediction of the oceanic upper layer velocity is a demanding requirement for many applications at sea and is a function of several near-surface processes that need to be incorporated in a numerical model. Among them, we assess the effects of vertical resolution, different vertical mixing parameterization (the so-called Generic Length Scale –GLS– set of k–e, k–x, gen, and the Mellor–Yamada), and surface roughness values on turbulent kinetic energy (k) injection from breaking waves. First, we modified the GLS turbulence closure formulation in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to incorporate the surface flux of turbulent kinetic energy due to wave breaking. Then, we applied the model to idealized test cases, exploring the sensitivity to the above mentioned factors. Last, the model was applied to a realistic situation in the Adriatic Sea driven by numerical meteorological forcings and river discharges. In this case, numerical drifters were released during an intense episode of Bora winds that occurred in mid-February 2003, and their trajectories compared to the displacement of satellite- tracked drifters deployed during the ADRIA02-03 sea-truth campaign. Results indicted that the inclusion of the wave breaking process helps improve the accuracy of the numerical simulations, subject to an increase in the typical value of the surface roughness z0. Specifically, the best performance was obtained using aCH = 56,000 in the Charnok formula, the wave breaking parameterization activated, k–e as the turbulence closure model. With these options, the relative error with respect to the average distance of the drifter was about 25% (5.5 km/day). The most sensitive factors in the model were found to be the value of aCH enhanced with respect to a standard value, followed by the adoption of wave breaking parameterization and the particular turbulence closure model selected. Wed, 31 Dec 2008 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8191 2008-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8190 Title: Layered structures in the upper Ligurian Sea Authors: Carniel, S.; CNR-ISMAR; Kantha, L.; Univ. of Colorado; Bergamasco, A.; CNR-ISMAR; Prandke, H.; ISW; Small, R. J.; NCAR; Sclavo, M.; CNR-ISMAR Abstract: During the dedicated sea-truth cruise LIGURE2007, a part of the intensive observational campaign Ligurian Sea Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (LASIE) performed in the eastern Ligurian Sea (Italy) from 16th to 23rd June in 2007, the R/V Urania carried out an intensive microstructure measurement program. Most of these measurements were made between 17th and 20th, in the vicinity of a spar buoy anchored 60 km off the coast in a region with a water column depth of approximately 1500 m; the prevailing light wind conditions and intense solar radiation limited the depth of the upper mixed layer to about 10–15m. We carried out measurements of the structure of the upper water column to a depth exceeding about 200 m. Interestingly, the microstructure measurements revealed multiple layers of relatively elevated dissipation and diffusivity rates around a depth of about 100 m. Since the water column is shown not to be not conducive to double-diffusion, these layered structures must have been produced by small-scale shear due to other processes, such as breaking internal waves. In this paper, we describe the oceanographic conditions prevailing at the time of the measurements, as well as the general turbulent properties in the upper part of the water column. In particular, the layered structures below the mixed layer are discussed in detail, with suggestions as to the likely origin and possible ways of investigating these processes. Thu, 31 Dec 2009 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8190 2009-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7954 Title: Dissolved gases in brackish thermal waters: an improved analytical method Authors: Liotta, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Martelli, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia Abstract: An improved method based on equilibrium partitioning between water samples and an inert host gas, introduced after sampling, is proposed for determining multiple species of dissolved gases in brackish water. The method itself, and the most convenient equations for describing gas solubilities in brackish waters, is described in detail. The method allows the rapid characterization of several sites and represents a useful tool for geochemical surveys. A comparison between replicate samples analyzed using different procedures demonstrates the efficiency of the method and indicates that the abundances of the main dissolved gases can be obtained, which can then be used to determine underlying geochemical processes. A Microsoft Excel worksheet is provided to easily calculate the concentration of dissolved gas species. Sat, 31 Dec 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7954 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7629 Title: Marine biogeochemical responses to the North Atlantic Oscillation in a coupled climate model Authors: Patara, L.; CMCC; Masina, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Visbeck, M.; IFM-Kiel; Krahmann, G.; IFM-Kiel; Vichi, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia Abstract: In this study a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model containing interactive marine biogeochemistry is used to analyze interannual, lagged, and decadal marine biogeochemical responses to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant mode of North Atlantic atmospheric variability. The coupled model adequately reproduces present‐day climatologies and NAO atmospheric variability. It is shown that marine biogeochemical responses to the NAO are governed by different mechanisms according to the time scale considered. On interannual time scales, local changes in vertical mixing, caused by modifications in air‐sea heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes, are most relevant in influencing phytoplankton growth through light and nutrient limitation mechanisms. At subpolar latitudes, deeper mixing occurring during positive NAO winters causes a slight decrease in late winter chlorophyll concentration due to light limitation and a 10%–20% increase in spring chlorophyll concentration due to higher nutrient availability. The lagged response of physical and biogeochemical properties to a high NAO winter shows some memory in the following 2 years. In particular, subsurface nutrient anomalies generated by local changes in mixing near the American coast are advected along the North Atlantic Current, where they are suggested to affect downstream chlorophyll concentration with 1 year lag. On decadal time scales, local and remote mechanisms act contemporaneously in shaping the decadal biogeochemical response to the NAO. The slow circulation adjustment, in response to NAO wind stress curl anomalies, causes a basin redistribution of heat, freshwater, and biogeochemical properties which, in turn, modifies the spatial structure of the subpolar chlorophyll bloom. Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2122/7629 2010-12-31T23:00:00Z