http://www.earth-prints.org:80 The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. 2013-05-19T12:41:23Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8705 Title: Rumors about the Po Valley earthquakes of 20th and 29th May 2012 Authors: La Longa, Federica; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; Crescimbene, Massimo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; Camassi, Romano; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Nostro, Concetta; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia Abstract: The history of rumours is as old as human history. Even in remote antiquity, rumours, gossip and hoax were always in circulation - in good or bad faith – to influence human affairs. Today with the development of mass media, rise of the internet and social networks, rumours are ubiquitous. The earthquakes, because of their characteristics of strong emotional impact and unpredictability, are among the natural events that more cause the birth and the spread of rumours. For this reason earthquakes that occurred in the Po valley the 20th and 29th May 2012 generated and still continue to generate a wide variety of rumours regarding issues related to the earthquake, its effects, the possible causes, future predictions. For this reason, as occurred during the L'Aquila earthquake sequence in 2009, following the events of May 2012 in Emilia Romagna was created a complex initiative training and information that at various stages between May and September 2012, involved population, partly present in the camp, and then the school staff of the municipalities affected by the earthquake. This experience has been organized and managed by the Department of Civil Protection (DPC), the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), the Emilia Romagna region in collaboration with the Network of University Laboratories for Earthquake Engineering (RELUIS), the Health Service Emilia Romagna Regional and voluntary organizations of civil protection in the area. Within this initiative, in the period June-September 2012 were collected and catalogued over 240 rumours. In this work rumours of the Po Valley are studied in their specific characteristics and strategies and methods to fight them are also discussed. This work of collection and discussion of the rumours was particularly important to promote good communication strategies and to fight the spreading of the rumours. Only in this way it was possible to create a full intervention able to supporting both the local institutions and the individuals involved to adequately address the emergence and management of organizational problems and social issues related to the earthquake. 2013-04-08T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8704 Title: Seismic risk perception test Authors: Crescimbene, Massimo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; La Longa, Federica; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; Camassi, Romano; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Pino, Nicola Alessandro; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia Abstract: The perception of risks involves the process of collecting, selecting and interpreting signals about uncertain impacts of events, activities or technologies. In the natural sciences the term risk seems to be clearly defined, it means the probability distribution of adverse effects, but the everyday use of risk has different connotations (Renn, 2008). The two terms, hazards and risks, are often used interchangeably by the public. Knowledge, experience, values, attitudes and feelings all influence the thinking and judgement of people about the seriousness and acceptability of risks. Within the social sciences however the terminology of ‘risk perception’ has become the conventional standard (Slovic, 1987). The mental models and other psychological mechanisms which people use to judge risks (such as cognitive heuristics and risk images) are internalized through social and cultural learning and constantly moderated (reinforced, modified, amplified or attenuated) by media reports, peer influences and other communication processes (Morgan et al., 2001). Yet, a theory of risk perception that offers an integrative, as well as empirically valid, approach to understanding and explaining risk perception is still missing”. To understand the perception of risk is necessary to consider several areas: social, psychological, cultural, and their interactions. Among the various research in an international context on the perception of natural hazards, it seemed promising the approach with the method of semantic differential (Osgood, C.E., Suci, G., & Tannenbaum, P. 1957, The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press). The test on seismic risk perception has been constructed by the method of the semantic differential. To compare opposite adjectives or terms has been used a Likert’s scale to seven point. The test consists of an informative part and six sections respectively dedicated to: hazard; vulnerability (home and workplace); exposed value (with reference to population and territory); seismic risk in general; risk information and their sources; comparison between seismic risk and other natural hazards. Informative data include: Region, Province, Municipality of residence, Data compilation, Age, Sex, Place of Birth, Nationality, Marital status, Children, Level of education, Employment. The test allows to obtain the perception score for each factor: Hazard, Exposed value, Vulnerability. These scores can be put in relation with the scientific data relating to hazard, vulnerability and the exposed value. On January 2013 started a Survey in the Po Valley and Southern Apennines. The survey will be conducted via web using institutional sites of regions, provinces, municipalities, online newspapers to local spreading, etc. Preliminary data will be discussed. Improve our understanding of the perception of seismic risk would allow us to inform more effectively and to built better educational projects to mitigate risk. 2013-04-08T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8703 Title: Ecomuseum itineraries, a path of rediscovery and enhancement of the territory Authors: La Longa, Federica; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; Lanza, Tiziana; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia; Crescimbene, Massimo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione AC, Roma, Italia Abstract: Geoethics has among its objectives to promote the recognition and enhancement of geological culture, as a wealth of knowledge that can contribute to the construction of a proper social knowledge, strengthening the link between population and territory and offering the opportunity to teach, especially the young, good behavior towards the geosphere. The work here proposed is an example of how to promote knowledge, awareness and appreciation of its territory by use of innovative and multidisciplinary educational programs; paths that allow young people to redraw the places to returning them to the communities that live there as a common heritage to be lived and protect. The experience described refers to the realization of the pilot project "Towards an Eco Museum of the Castelli Romani". The project, proposed and implemented by a group of researchers of the Laboratory of Education and Science Communication of National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in collaboration with the Regional Park of the Castelli Romani, involved students of the Classic and Psycho-Pedagogical High School of the Mancinelli Falcone Institute of Velletri (RM). Educational activities carried out in the academic year 2009-2010, were structured on multidisciplinary training programs designed to create eco museum routes. These training programs have been grouped into three main areas (historical, archaeological and literary, geological and town planning, ecological and naturalistic) that are particularly representative of the complexity of geological and anthropological territory of the Nemi Lake. The eco-museum is a revolutionary concept compared to traditional museum because it adds to the traditional museum the social dimension. The environment is described through history, culture, landscapes, activities, society putting in relation to aspects of life, material and spiritual, and tying them to the places, territories and the culture that created them. Very often the age of globalization takes us to lose sight of the concept of place in favor of the non-place, an environment free of characteristics and boundaries. This trend, if on one hand helps to share problems and solutions related to environmental protection, other hand risks producing a variety of effects that lead communities to disown the values of their territory. Instead the experience realized takes us in an opposite direction. We believe that educational projects structured on eco museum itineraries can promote in young people an experiential path of rediscovery and enhancement of the territory (genius loci). The active techniques used in the project (dramatization, creative writing, music, etc.) favored boys in the acquisition of knowledge and skills that allow enhance of territorial resources and sharing it with the community. 2013-04-08T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8702 Title: The use of non-invasive field techniques in the study of small topographically closed lakes: two case studies in Sicily (Italy) Authors: Madonia, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Cangemi, M.; Göttingen Zentrum Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Geobiologie, Universität Göttingen, Germany; Di Trapani, F. P.; Legambiente, Comitato regionale siciliano, Palermo, Italy Abstract: Small endhoreic (topografically closed) lakes represent a little percentage of continental waters but, in arid or sub-arid regions, they develop special ecosystems potentially prone to ecological involution due to climatic changes. The mandatory use of light, non-invasive field techniques is often required, especially in protected areas. In the present work the use of non-invasive techniques like GPS−based bathymetric and photographic surveys have been applied to the study of two lakes, Specchio di Venere and Sfondato (Sicily, southern Italy), both natural reserves. The comparison between historical surveys and modern GPS−based bathymetries highlighted the difficulty of using the former for the reconstruction of climatic-induced variations due to the low number of measurements (spatial aliasing). In particular, at the intracaldera Lake Specchio di Venere, a high resolution survey gave new insights into a peculiar geo-ecosystem whose evolution is driven by both volcanic phenomena and biomineralization processes. On the contrary, the morphology of Lake Sfondato floor is much more simple and driven only by the superimposition of a detrital sedimentation on the initial collapse that generated the lake. The comparison betweem direct measurements and estimated changes of lake level, carried out between February 2008 and October 2009 variations, allowed us to test different hypotheses of hydrological balances, leading to opposite conclusions with respect to previous studies and remarking the fundamental importance of direct measurements in the validation of theoretical hydrological models. 2013-04-22T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8701 Title: Testing the IONORT-ISP system: A comparison between synthesized and measured oblique ionograms Authors: Settimi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Pezzopane, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Pietrella, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Bianchi, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Scotto, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Zuccheretti, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Makris, J.; Technological Educational Institute of Crete, P.O. Box 1939 Chania, Crete, Greece Abstract: The three-dimensional (3-D) electron density representation of the ionosphere computed by the assimilative IRI-SIRMUP-P (ISP) model was tested using IONORT (IONOspheric Ray-Tracing), a software application for calculating a 3-D ray-tracing for high frequency (HF) waves in the ionospheric medium. A radio link was established between Rome (41.8°N, 12.5°E) in Italy, and Chania (35.7°N, 24.0°E) in Greece, within the ISP validity area, and for which oblique soundings are conducted. The ionospheric reference stations, from which the autoscaled foF2 and M(3000)F2 data and real-time vertical electron density profiles were assimilated by the ISP model, were Rome (41.8°N, 12.5°E) and Gibilmanna (37.9°N, 14.0°E) in Italy, and Athens (38.0°N, 23.5°E) in Greece. IONORT was used, in conjunction with the ISP and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 3-D electron density grids, to synthesize oblique ionograms. The comparison between synthesized and measured oblique ionograms, both in terms of the ionogram shape and the maximum usable frequency characterizing the radio path, demonstrates both that the ISP model can more accurately represent real conditions in the ionosphere than the IRI, and that the ray-tracing results computed by IONORT are reasonably reliable. 2013-05-02T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8700 Title: Magnetic anomalies of steel drums: a review of the literature and research results of the INGV Authors: Marchetti, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Sapia, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Settimi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia Abstract: The detection and evaluation of the status of disposal sites that contain hazardous waste materials is becoming an increasingly important element in environmental investigations. Close cooperation between the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; National Institute of Volcanology and Geophysics) in Rome and the Italian environmental police has resulted in numerous underground investigations of different buried materials. Among the geophysical investigation tools, magnetometry is the most effective, rapid and precise of all of the geophysical methods for localizing buried steel drums. Analysis of magnetic map anomalies can provide a variety of information about buried materials, including extension, distribution and depth, with processing of the acquired magnetic data. This information is also very useful in case of excavations that are aimed at the recovery of hazardous waste. This study determines the most relevant analyses reported in the literature, with modeling of magnetometric methods for environmental applications both theoretically and experimentally. Some studies and research results achieved by the INGV in relation to magnetic anomalies produced by buried steel drums are also reported, as found in field operations and as achieved from test sites. 2013-04-18T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8699 Title: On the Divergenceless Property of the Magnetic Induction Field Authors: Severini, S.; Centro Interforze Studi per le Applicazioni Militari (CISAM), Via Bigattiera Lato Monte 10, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; Settimi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia Abstract: Maxwell’s equations beautifully describe the electromagnetic fields properties. In what follows we will be interested in giving a new perspective to divergence-free Maxwell’s equations regarding the magnetic induction field: divB=0. To this end we will consider some physical aspects of a system consisting of massive nonrelativistic charged articles, as sources of an electromagnetic field (e.m.) propagating in free space. In particular the link between conservation of total momentum and divergence-free condition for the magnetic induction B field will be deeply investigated.This study presents a new context in which the necessary condition for the divergence-free property of the magnetic induction field in the whole space, known as solenoidality condition, directly comes from the conservation of total momentum for the system, that is, sources and field. This work, in general, leads to results that leave some open questions on the existence, or at least the bservability, of magnetic monopoles, theoretically plausible only under suitable symmetry assumptions as we will show. 2013-02-28T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8698 Title: Influence of volcanic activity on the quality of water collected in roof water catchment systems at Stromboli Island (Italy) Authors: Madonia, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Cangemi, M.; Dip. DiSTeM, Università di Palermo; Bellomo, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia Abstract: With the aim of detailing the interaction between volcanic emissions and water harvesting by Roof Water Catchment Systems (RWCSs), the present work illustrates the results of a study carried out at Stromboli Island, a small but densely populated active volcanic area in the South of Italy. Concentrations of major and trace elements determined in RWCS waters and sediments revealed clear clues of a contamination with gases and suspended particles of volcanic origin, even if the values of those contaminants considered by the World Health Organization as dangerous for human health are always belowtheMaximumAdmitted Concentration (MAC). In particular, cistern water showed a composition similar to local coastal rainwater, with dissolved ions related not only to sea aerosol but also to volcanic gases and ash leaching,with a secondary enrichment in Ca ions due to the interactionwith the limewashed surfaces of both roofs and cisternwalls. The simulation of the potential increase in dissolved chemical species due to volcanic ash deposition on the water catchment surfaces indicates the possible exceedance of the MAC for several species. The symptoms of fluorosis affecting elderly people who were young at the time of the 1930–40 volcanic crisis is a clue of a possible volcanogenic fluorine contamination. On the other way, the simulation of the digestion process on solid volcanogenic particulate ingested with drinkingwater highlighted a potential dramatic increase (orders of magnitudes) of dangerous element concentrations in stomach fluids above theirMACs. Despite the evidence of potential health risks induced by volcanic activity, no anamnesic evidence of related pathologies has been found among Stromboli population. This apparent discrepancy is solved taking into account the positive feedback among the good practice in maintaining clean conditions in the harvested waters and the prevalent fallout of volcanogenic ashes away from the main inhabited areas, favoured by the morphological setting of the island and its wind regime. 2012-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8697 Title: Sulphur-gas concentrations in volcanic and geothermal areas in Italy and Greece: Characterising potential human exposures and risks Authors: D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Aiuppa, A.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento DiSTeM; Bellomo, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Brusca, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Calabrese, S.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento DiSTeM; Kyriakopoulos, K.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greece; Liotta, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Longo, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia Abstract: Passive samplers were used to measure the atmospheric concentrations of SO2 naturally emitted at three volcanoes in Italy (Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli) and of H2S naturally emitted at three volcanic/geothermal areas in Greece (Milos, Santorini and Nisyros). The measured concentrations and dispersion patterns varied with the strength of the source (open conduits or fumaroles), the meteorological conditions and the area topography. At Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli, SO2 concentrations reach values that are dangerous to people affected by bronchial asthma or lung diseases (>1000 μg m−3). H2S values measured at Nisyros also exceed the limit considered safe for the same group of people (>3000 μg m−3). The data obtained using passive samplers represent time-averaged values over periods from a few days up to 1 month, and hence concentrations probably reached much higher peak values that were potentially also dangerous to healthy people. The present study provides evidence of a peculiar volcanic risk associated with tourist exploitation of active volcanic areas. This risk is particularly high at Mt. Etna, where the elderly and people in less-than-perfect health can easily reach areas with dangerous SO2 concentrations via a cableway and off-road vehicles 2013-07-31T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8696 Title: The 4D imaging of the source of ground deformation at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) Authors: D'Auria, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Giudicepietro, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Martini, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Lanari, R.; Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente, Consiglio Abstract: We have applied a tomographic imaging technique to the inversion of a DInSAR data set at Campi Flegrei caldera. This technique allowed us to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of volumetric strain sources up to 5 km depth. Results have shown complex spatial and temporal patterns, identifying important features that were not noticed before. The first result is the observation of positive strain sources (expansion) migrating upward (in 2000 and 2006). We have interpreted them as hot fluid batches injected at the bottom of the geothermal reservoir, migrating upward and reaching the surface. Furthermore we have identified an injection episode (in 1997), which was not recognized before. This batch did not reach the surface and probably dissipated by diffusion and lateral advection without producing significant ground uplift. The injection of fluid batches does not occur at the center of the caldera, but along its borders. The three identified injection episodes (in 1997, 2000 and 2006) occur in different points. In 2000 and 2006, the injected fluids migrated, subsequently, toward the center of the caldera. Our findings agrees with results of other geophysical and geochemical studies. These results suggest a new framework for the modeling of Campi Flegrei geothermal system and for the interpretation of data recorded by the multiparametric monitoring networks on the caldera. 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z