http://hdl.handle.net/2122/67 Ricerca nel canale cerca http://www.earth-prints.org/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6074 Titolo: Monitoring and methods to analyse the groundwater quality degradation risk in coastal karstic aquifers (Apulia, Southern Italy)<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Dragone, V.; CNR-IRPI; Limoni, P.P.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: A multi-methodological approach based on monitoring and spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater quality changes is proposed. The presented tools are simple, quick and cost-effective to give service to all sorts of users. The chief purpose of the monitoring network is the detection of the piezometric or potenziometric level in the aquifer. The spatial and multi-temporal analysis of usual chemical and physical data provides both an assessment of the spatial vulnerability of the aquifer to seawater intrusion, defining a salinity threshold between fresh groundwater and brackish groundwater and of the water quality trend in terms of salinity. The evaluation of the salinity trend or of salinity-correlated parameters highlights the effects of groundwater mismanagement. The multiparameter logging provides a rapid groundwater quality classification for each well. The whole approach allows evaluating the effects of current management criteria and designing more appropriate management targets. The Apulian karstic coastal aquifers have been selected as a case study (Southern Italy). Three types of aquifer zones can be distinguished: (1) areas with low vulnerability to seawater intrusion, (2) areas with high vulnerability and (3) areas with variable vulnerability in which the salt degradation largely depends on the ability to manage the well discharge. The water quality degradation caused by seawater intrusion appears to be a combined effect of an anomalous succession of drought periods observed from about 1980 onwards and increased groundwater pumping, particularly during drought periods. A management criterion based on aquifer zones is proposed. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6073 Titolo: Analysis of damaging hydro-geological events: the case of Calabria region (southern Italy)<br/><br/>Autori: Petrucci, O.; CNR-IRPI; Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Pasqua, A.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: A period of bad weather conditions due to prolonged intense rainfall and strong winds can trigger landslides, floods, secondary floods (accumulation of rain on surfaces with low permeability), and sea storms, causing damage to humans and infrastructure. As a whole, these periods of bad weather and triggered phenomena can be defined as damaging hydrogeological events (DHEs). We define a methodological approach based on seven simple indexes to analyze such events. The indexes describe the return period (T) and trend of rainfall, the extent of hit areas, and the level of damages; they can be considered attributes of georeferenced features and analyzed with GIS techniques. We tested our method in an Italian region frequently hit by DHEs. In a period of 10 years, 747 damaging phenomena (landslides, 43%; floods, 38%) and 94 DHEs have been classified. The road network and housing areas are the most frequently damaged elements, threatened by all types of damaging phenomena. T classes are almost in accordance with the level of damage. These results can be used to outline warning levels for civil protection purposes, to forecast the areas most likely to be hit and the potential ensuing damage, to disseminate information concerning vulnerable areas, and to increase people’s awareness of risk http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6072 Titolo: Mechanics of a tectonized soil slope: influence of boundary conditions and rainfall<br/><br/>Autori: Santaloia, F.; CNR-IRPI; Cotecchia, F.; Politecnico di Bari; Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: The Vadoncello landslide was mobilized in December 1993 and is still active. It involves highly tectonized soils and is the reactivation of a landslide dragged by a larger landslide at the toe of the slope soon after the 1980 Irpinia (Southern Italy) earthquake. Investigations and monitoring of the Vadoncello landslide were carried out, between 1994 and 1996, within an EC funded research project. The slope has been found to be formed of chaotic successions of soil and rock strata which have been grouped into soil complexes. The soil mechanical properties are shown to be very poor, the deep soils being prone to large plastic straining even due to relatively small loading changes. The soil displacements show that a shallow fast rotational sliding has occurred at the top of the slope and a shallow earthflow has developed downslope, both lying above deeper soils involved in a mechanism of slow and long-lasting irrecoverable movements. These slow deep movements are considered to be consequent to the plastic flow of the clayey soils. They can be activated by the effects of seasonal rainfall, of low-medium intensity seismic events and by the effects of the morphological changes resulting from the slow movements themselves. The landslide reactivation in 1993 is seen to have been the combination effect of a low return-period rainfall event and the slow movements active at depth in the slope. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6071 Titolo: Carbonate aquifers in Apulia and seawater intrusion<br/><br/>Autori: Cotecchia, V.; Politecnico di Bari; Grassi, D.; Politecnico di Bari; Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: The predisposing factors and the determining factors of seawater intrusion in wide carbonate aquifers of Apulia ( Southern Italy) are characterized. Main predisposing factors prove the sedimentation environment, the tectonic-karstic evolution, the geometry of the aquifers in relation to the coastline, the depth of the aquifers, the existence of underground outflows and their chemical nature. The effect of salinity pollution and its trend was characterized using data from a regional monitoring network, considering logs time series, and also from well loggings. The intensive and widespread use has led to a progressive deterioration in water quality, particularly in the Salento area, right where the aquifer is most susceptible to seawater intrusion. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6070 Titolo: Meteoric precipitations and slope instability in the mediterranean environment<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: A long and intense international research activity has by now confirmed the basic role of atmospheric precipitations on the dynamics of landslides. This paper is within the framework of such an activity and describes how solid and liquid meteoric precipitations really affect landslides. A detailed study of the empirical hydrological methods aimed at the determination of exceptional meteoric events to be correlated with landslide is performed. Finally, based on the analysis of real cases occurred in the Mediterranean environment, the opportunities offered by such an approach are discussed. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6037 Titolo: Climate change, drought and groundwater availability in southern Italy<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Casarano, D.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Curatori: Dragoni, W.; Università di Perugia; Sukhija, B. S.; National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India<br/><br/>Abstract: Data for the period 1821 to 2003 from 126 rain gauges, 41 temperature gauges, eight river discharge gauges and 239 wells, located in southern Italy, have been analysed to characterize the effect of recent climate change on availability of water resources, focusing on groundwater resources. Regular data are available from 1921 to 2001. Many analysis methods are used: principal component analysis, to divide the study area into homogenous portions; trend analysis, considering the Mann–Kendall, Student-t and Craddock tests, autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses, and seasonal, annual and moving-average variables, applying the spatial analysis to each variable with a geographical information system approach. A widespread decreasing trend of annual rainfall is observed over 97% of the whole area. The decreasing trend of rainfall worsens or decreases as mean annual rainfall increases; the spatial mean of trend ranges from 20.8 mm/a in Apulia to 22.9 mm/a in Calabria. The decrease in rainfall is notable after 1980: the recent droughts of 1988–1992 and 1999–2001 appear to be exceptional. On a seasonal basis, the decreasing trend is concentrated in winter; a slight positive trend is observed in summer, the arid season in which the increase is useless as it is transformed into actual evapotranspiration. The temperature trend is not significant and homogeneous everywhere if the temperature increase seems to prevail, especially from about 1980. Net rainfall, calculated as a function of monthly rainfall and temperature, shows a huge and generalized negative trend. The trend of groundwater availability is so negative everywhere that the situation can be termed dramatic for water users, due not only to the natural drop in recharge but also to the increase of discharge by wells to compensate the non-availability of surface water tapped by dams, as a direct effect of droughts. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6025 Titolo: Il regime della falda costiera ionica di Metaponto<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: La falda idrica sotterranea che si esamina interessa un acquifero poroso e costiero disposto lungo la costa ionica lucana, tra le foci dei fiumi Bradano a Nord e Sinni a Sud. In particolare, viene caratterizzato il complesso di relazioni esistenti tra i corpi idrici superficiali e sotterranei in un'area che si estende per oltre 20 Km lungo la costa e per 6 Km verso l'interno. In tale area affiorano estesamente, costituendo l'acquifero per la falda idrica in studio, depositi detritici, sia marini che continentali, di natura ciottolosa, sabbiosa e argillosa. L'ambiente in cui si muovono le acque sotterranee in studio è condizionato dalla modesta soggiacenza della stessa, dalle profonde incisioni fluviali con foce sullo Ionio e dai relativi deflussi idrici, dall'infiltrazione naturale e non, dovuta quest'ultima all'intensa irrigazione, dagli afflussi provenienti da altri corpi idrici sotterranei, dalla presenza del mare nonchè dall'uso intenso nei mesi estivi della risorsa idrica sotterranea esaminata. Per caratterizzare il regime della falda in tali complesse condizioni sono stati raccolte numerose serie di dati idrologiche. I dati pluviometrici e termometrici, relativi a un periodo di tempo pari a oltre 60 anni, hanno permesso di caratterizzare il clima e studiare l'infiltazione. I dati idrometrici, disponibili per circa 40 anni, hanno permesso di caratterizzare il regime fluviale dei principali corsi idrici. La raccolta, infine, di dati piezometrici relativi a una rete attiva per circa 30 anni ha permesso di perseguire le finalità di studio che il lavoro illustra. Alcune metodologie statistiche sono state applicate al fine di caratterizzare il regime della falda e per evidenziare l'influenza che su di essa hanno i corpi idrici superficiali e l'azione dell'uomo. Lo studio ha considerato l'evoluzione temporale dei fenomeni, utilizzando anche l'analisi spettrale e di correlazione, nonchè spaziale, mediante approcci tipici della Geostatistica. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6020 Titolo: Gli strumenti normativi per la tutela delle risorse idriche: esempi dalle esperienze comunitarie, italiane e albanesi<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Dragone, V.; CNR-IRPI; Hoxha, I.; Fakulteti i Gjeologjise dhe Minierave. Universiteti Politeknik Tirane; Beqiraj, A.; Fakulteti i Gjeologjise dhe Minierave. Universiteti Politeknik Tirane<br/><br/>Curatori: Ciani, A.; Università di Perugia<br/><br/>Abstract: Water is a vital and precious resource for people and for ecosystems. We should make each possible effort to protect water resources and increase people’s access to clean and sufficient water. To pursue these purposes many efforts have been realised in terms of technical rules and national laws. This contribution describes the approach of the European Union, Italy and Albania, considering also some local government initiatives concerning the protection of water resources, in terms of availability and quality, and of ecosystems. Attention is given also to the effect of the whole water cycle management in terms of environmental protection and reduction of water-related natural disaster. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6019 Titolo: Tecnologie avanzate per il monitoraggio e la gestione sostenibile delle risorse idriche sotterranee: il caso Puglia<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Dragone, V.; CNR-IRPI; Limoni, P.P.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Curatori: Ciani, A.; Università di Perugia<br/><br/>Abstract: The scientific activity carried out in recent years by CNR IRPI (Department of Bari) is finalized to develop methodologies and knowledge to optimize the management and safeguard of Apulian groundwater resources. In Apulia there are four hydrogeological units (Gargano, Tavoliere, Murgia and Salento). They exhibit varying geological, structural and morphological features. Apart from Puglia Tableland (Tavoliere), the remaining hydrogeological units share some common features. They consist of large and coastal aquifers, mainly constituted by carbonate rocks of Mesozoic age. In both the Gargano Promontory (Gargano) and the low Murge Plateau (Murgia) aquifers are under pressure except on a restricted coastline strip. In the Salentine Peninsula (Salento), subsurface water flow under phreatic conditions is prevailing. Finally, Puglia Tableland hydrogeological unit consists of a large porous aquifer; groundwater flows under phreatic conditions in the most internal and upstream portion, whereas it flows under pressure in the remaining part of the unit.The rapid socio-economic growth, which has occurred in the past decades, has continued to stress conditions in the Apulian hydrogeological system in Southern Italy, thereby leading to different hazardous conditions. Groundwater for domestic, irrigation and industrial use has been withdrawn in large quantities over the years. The aquifers are increasingly becoming the ultimate "receptacle" for wastewater. Apulia is affected by two types of human-related pollution: salt contamination which is spreading over large portions of land, that reducing the availability of good quality water and chemico-physical and biological pollution which is mainly confined to urban areas.The described approach and methodologies are: automatic monitoring network, numerical modeling, schematic mapping of groundwater quality with commonly available data, multiparameter well logging for rapid groundwater quality classification, groundwater vulnerability assessment, salinity trend analysis to evaluate the variation of seawater intrusion and the analysis of long time series finalized to quantify the modification of groundwater availability. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6017 Titolo: Calamità idrogeologiche e vie di trasporto in un territorio dalle complesse condizioni idrogeomorfiche: la Calabria<br/><br/>Autori: Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI; Petrucci, O.; CNR-IRPI; Pasqua, A.; CNR-IRPI<br/><br/>Abstract: Il complesso assetto geomorfologico della Calabria e le sue peculiarità climatiche, tra cui una piovosità maggiore della media nazionale, fanno si che questa sia una delle regioni maggiormente esposte a fenomenologie di dissesto idrogeologico. Quale effetto indiretto della rude morfologia regionale e dello sviluppo territoriale oblungo, il reticolo stradale principale ha un basso grado di interconnessione, circostanza questa che ne amplifica l’intrinseca vulnerabilità. In tale contesto, l’incidenza delle vie di comunicazione veloci e ad elevata capacità è trascurabile, mentre le tipologie costruttive risultano essere, come discusso da questo contributo, non adeguate alla diffusa vulnerabilità idrogeologica del territorio. Piogge intense e/o prolungate determinano la frequente insorgenza di crisi territoriali, comunemente definite eventi alluvionali, che determinano sia frane diffuse che catastrofiche piene, e causano perdite di vite umane nonchè gravi e duraturi danni alle infrastrutture di trasporto. In tali circostanze, i dissesti che si determinano lungo la rete viaria rappresentano una fonte di danno sia diretto che indiretto per la comunità e nei casi più gravi costituiscono un impedimento alle attività di protezione civile. L’analisi sistematica delle tipologie di dissesti che hanno interessato la rete viaria in un arco temporale sufficientemente esteso (80 anni), selezionato per la sua significatività, costituisce uno strumento per la valutazione delle relazioni causa effetto fra il verificarsi di piene ed eventi alluvionali da una parte e l’insorgenza dei dissesti della rete viaria dall’altra. La ricerca si propone di individuare indicazioni utili alla programmazione della manutenzione ordinaria e nonché alla gerarchizzazione delle priorità degli interventi volti a minimizzare i danni causati dalle piene alle infrastrutture lineari di trasporto.