http://hdl.handle.net/2122/279 Ricerca nel canale cerca http://www.earth-prints.org/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6030 Titolo: GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL GAS MANIFESTATIONS IN GREECE<br/><br/>Autori: D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Brusca, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Martelli, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Rizzo, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Kyriakopoulos, K.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greecey<br/><br/>Curatori: Koukis, G.; University of Patras; Zelilidis, A.; University of Patras; Koukouvelas, I.; University of Patras; Papatheodorou, G.; University of Patras; Geraga, M.; University of Patras; Zygouri, V.; University of Patras<br/><br/>Abstract: The Greek region is characterized by intense geodynamic activity with widespread volcanic,geothermal and seismic activity. Its complex geology is reflected in the large variety of chemicaland isotopic composition of its gas manifestations.Basing on their chemical composition the gases can be subdivided in three groups, respectivelyCO2, CH4 or N2-dominated. On oxygen-free basis these three gases make up more than 97% of thetotal composition. The only exceptions are fumarolic gases of Nisyros that contain substantialamounts of H2S (up to more than 20%) and one sample of Milos that contains 15% of H2. CO2-dominated gases with clear mantle contribution in their He isotopic composition (R/Ra correctedfor air contamination ranging from 0.5 to 5.7) are found along the subduction-related southAegean active volcanic arc and on the Greek mainland close to recent (upper Miocene toPleistocene) volcanic centers. These areas are generally characterized by active or recentextensive tectonic activity and high geothermal gradients. On the contrary, gases sampled in themore external nappes of the Hellenide orogen have generally a CH4- or N2-rich compositions andhelium isotope composition with a dominant crustal contribution (R/Ra corr < 0.2).The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the emitted gas display therefore a clear relationshipwith the different geodynamic sectors of the region. Gas geochemistry of the area contributes to abetter definition of the crust-mantle setting of the Hellenic region. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6029 Titolo: Static chamber methane flux measurements in volcanic/geothermal areas: preliminary data from Sousaki and Nisyros (Greece)<br/><br/>Autori: D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Fiebig, J.; University of Frankfurt a.M., Inst. für Geowissenschaften, Germany; Kyriakopoulos, K.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greece; Brusca, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Maneta, V.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greecey; Michas, G.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greece; Papadakis, G.; University of Athens, Dept. Geology and Geoenvironment, Greece<br/><br/>Abstract: Methane plays an important role in the Earth’s atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance being the secondmost important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Methane is released to the atmosphere by a wide numberof sources, both natural and anthropogenic, with the latter being twice as large as the former (IPCC, 2007). Ithas recently been established that significant amounts of geological methane, produced within the Earth’s crust,are currently released naturally into the atmosphere (Etiope, 2004). Active or recent volcanic/geothermal areasrepresent one of these sources of geological methane. But due to the fact that methane flux measurements arelaboratory intensive, very few data have been collected until now and the contribution of this source has been generallyindirectly estimated (Etiope et al., 2007). The Greek territory is geodynamically very active and has manyvolcanic and geothermal areas. Here we report on methane flux measurements made at two volcanic/geothermalsystems along the South Aegean volcanic arc: Sousaki and Nisyros.The former is an extinct volcanic area of Plio-Pleistocene age hosting nowadays a low enthalpy geothermal field.The latter is a currently quiescent active volcanic system with strong fumarolic activity due to the presence of ahigh enthalpy geothermal system.Both systems have gas manifestations that emit significant amounts of hydrothermal methane and displayimportant diffuse carbon dioxide emissions from the soils. New data on methane isotopic composition and higherhydrocarbon contents point to an abiogenic origin of the hydrothermal methane in the studied systems.Measured methane flux values range from –48 to 29,000 (38 sites) and from –20 to 1100 mg/mˆ2/d (35 sites) atSousaki and Nisyros respectively.At Sousaki measurement sites covered almost all the degassing area and the diffuse methane output can beestimated in about 20 t/a from a surface of about 10,000 mˆ2.At Nisyros measurements covered the Stephanos and Kaminakia areas, which represent only a part of the entiredegassing area. The two areas show very different methane degassing pattern with latter showing much higherflux values. Methane output can be estimated in about 0.25 t/a from an area of about 30,000 mˆ2 at Stephanos andabout 1 t/a from an area of about 20,000 mˆ2 at Kaminakia. The total output from the entire geothermal system ofNisyros probably should not exceed 2 t/a. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6028 Titolo: Environmental impact of Mt. Etna’s degassing: volcanogenic trace elements bioaccumulation in two endemic plant species (Senecio aethnensis and Rumex aethnensis)<br/><br/>Autori: D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Calabrese, S.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Bellomo, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Brusca, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Di Maio, G.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Parello, F.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Saiano, F.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento ITAF<br/><br/>Abstract: A biomonitoring survey, above tree line level, using two endemic species (Senecio aethnensis and Rumex aethnensis)was performed on Mt. Etna, in order to evaluate the dispersion and the impact of volcanic atmosphericemissions. Samples of leaves were collected in summer 2008 from 30 sites in the upper part of the volcano (1500-3000 m a.s.l). Acid digestion of samples was carried out with a microwave oven, and 44 elements were analyzedby using plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS and ICP-OES). The highest concentrations of all investigated elementswere found in the samples collected closest to the degassing craters, and in the downwind sector, confirming thatthe eastern flank of Mt. Etna is the most impacted by volcanic emissions. Leaves collected along two radial transectsfrom the active vents on the eastern flank, highlight that the levels of metals decrease one or two orders ofmagnitude with increasing distance from the source. This variability is higher for volatile elements (As, Bi, Cd,Cs, Pb, Sb, Tl) than for more refractory elements (Al, Ba, Sc, Si, Sr, Th, U). The two different species of plants donot show significant differences in the bioaccumulation of most of the analyzed elements, except for lanthanides,which are systematically enriched in Rumex leaves. The high concentrations of many toxic elements in the leavesallow us to consider these plants as highly tolerant species to the volcanic emissions, and suitable for biomonitoringresearches in the Mt. Etna area. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5893 Titolo: Mercury emissions and stable isotopic compositions at Vulcano Island (Italy)<br/><br/>Autori: Zambardi, T.; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées - Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie, UMR 5563 – CNRS/IRD/UPS Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Sonke, J. E.; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées - Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie, UMR 5563 – CNRS/IRD/UPS Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Toutain, J. P.; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées - Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie, UMR 5563 – CNRS/IRD/UPS Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Sortino, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Shinohara, H.; Geological Survey of Japan, AIST - Tsukuba, Japan<br/><br/>Abstract: Sampling and analyses methods for determining the stable isotopic compositions of Hg in an active volcanicsystem were tested and optimized at the volcanic complex of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Condensedgaseous fumarole Hg(fum)T , plume gaseous elemental Hg(g)0 and plume particulate Hg(p)II were obtained atfumaroles F0, F5, F11, and FA. The average total Hg emissions, based on HgT/SO2 in condensed fumarolic gasesand plumes, range from 2.5 to 10.1 kg y−1, in agreement with published values [Ferrara, R., Mazzolai, B.,Lanzillotta, E., Nucaro, E., Pirrone, N., 2000. Volcanoes as emission sources of atmospheric mercury in theMediterranean Basin. Sci. Total Environ. 259(1–3), 115–121; Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., Witt, M.L.I., Mather, T.A.,Parello, F., Pyle, D.M., Martin, R.S., 2007. Real-time simultaneous detection of volcanic Hg and SO2 at La FossaCrater, Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Sicily). Geophys. Res. Lett. 34(L21307).]. Plume Hg(p)II increases with distancefrom the fumarole vent, at the expense of Hg(g)0 and indicates significant in-plume oxidation andcondensation of fumarole Hg(fum)T .Relative to the NIST SRM3133 Hg standard, the stable isotopic compositions of Hg are δ202Hg(fum)T =−0.74‰±0.18(2SD, n=4) for condensed gaseous fumarole Hg(fum)T , δ202Hg(g)0 =−1.74‰±0.36 (2SD, n=1) for plume gaseouselemental Hg(g)0 at the F0 fumarole, and δ202Hg(p)II =−0.11‰±0.18 (2SD, n=4) for plume particulate Hg(p)II . Theenrichment of Hg(p)II in the heavy isotopes and Hg(g)0 in the light isotopes relative to the total condensed fumarolicHg(fum)T gas complements the speciation data and demonstrates a gas-particle fractionation occurring after the gasexpulsion inambient T° atmosphere. A first order Rayleigh equilibriumcondensation isotope fractionation modelyields a fractionation factor αcond-gas of 1.00135±0.00058. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5702 Titolo: Preliminary geochemical characterization of volcanic and geothermal fluids discharged from the Ecuadorian volcanic arc.<br/><br/>Autori: Inguaggiato, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Hidalgo, S.; Instituto Geofísico - Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253 y Andalucía, Apartado 2759 Quito-Ecuador; Beate, B.; Facultad de Geología - Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253 y Andalucía, Quito-Ecuador; Bourquin, J.; Instituto Geofísico - Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253 y Andalucía, Apartado 2759 Quito-Ecuador<br/><br/>Curatori: Baciu, C.<br/><br/>Abstract: In Ecuador, magmatism results from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the North Western part of South America (Pennington, 1981; Kellogg and Vega, 1995; Witt et al., 2006). North of 2.5°S, the Ecuadorian Quaternary volcanic arc is characterized by about 60 volcanoes distributed in three different parallel chains. Many of these volcanoes are potentially active or currently in activity and display associated geothermal fields. South of this latitude, no active arc is present in Ecuador. Few geochemical studies of the discharged fluids have been attempted, mainly related to geothermal exploration. Nevertheless, a complete study of the fluids of the volcanic arc is lacking. The aim of this work is to present the first systematic geochemical characterization of discharged fluids from the entire Ecuadorian volcanic arc. In order to achieve this objective, 48 samples of thermal and cold waters, as well as bubbling gases, have been collected from North to South across the arc and analyzed for different geochemical parameters.A chemical study reflects the physical and chemical processes undergone by these cold and thermal waters during their circulation through the different host rocks. The chemistry of the dissolved gases, as characterized by He and CO2 contents, which are – 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the ASW values - implies very active gas-water interaction processes.Moreover, the isotopic signature of dissolved and bubbling gases shows a wide compositional range, with Helium isotopic compositions ranging between 0.34 to 7.12 R/Ra and carbon isotopes compositions ranging from -1.75 to -10.50 13C Vs PDB standard. This clearly indicates the presence of at least three distinct end-members: mantle, crustal and geothermal.Helium, Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Deuterium isotopic signatures will help us to identify and characterize the main end-members of fluids involved in Ecuador’s arc-volcanism. Moreover, on the basis of the chemistry of thermal waters and associated bubbling gases the characteristics and the potential resources of the different geothermal fields are being investigated. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5664 Titolo: Nitrogen isotope measurements on hydrothermal fluids from Azores (S. Miguel, Terceira and Graciosa) Islands, Portugal<br/><br/>Autori: Capasso, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Grassa, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Carreira, P.M.; Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional nº 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal; Carvalho, M.R.; Fac.e Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Geologia, CeGUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Marques, J.M.; Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Nunes, J.C.; Department of Geosciences, University of the Azores, Portugal<br/><br/>Curatori: Savard, Martine M.; Geological Survey of Canada, Quebec<br/><br/>Abstract: We present the first nitrogen isotope data from hydrothermal fluids of Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel Islands (Azores, Portugal), together with helium isotope composition. 15N values are slightly enriched in light isotopes (from -0.7‰ to -2.2‰) with respect to air, while 3He/4He ratios range from 5 to 6 Ra in Sao Miguel island and from 8 to 9.1 Ra in Graciosa and Terceira islands. The latter values are similar to those found in olivine phenocrysts of basalts (Moreira et al., 1999; Madureira et al., 2005). Such isotope signatures seem to point to the presence of two different deeply-derived end-members: a 3He-rich primitive end-member evident in Terceira and Graciosa islands samples and a 3He-poor end-member characterizing samples from S. Miguel island. According to Madureira et al. (2005), the He primitive component which is more evident in the central parts of the Azores archipelago has to be related to a lower mantle contribution into the prevailing MORB component. On the contrary, the origin of the radiogenic crustal component is still open and debated between the contribution of recycled terrigenous sediments (Turner et al., 1997) and oceanic mantle lithosphere (Schaefer et al., 2002). Since 15N values from fluids vents and inclusions in basalt glasses were discovered to be good geochemical tracers of magma genetic processes, we determined molecular and isotope nitrogen composition (15NN2) in some hydrothermal fluids with the aim to provide additional information on the mantle composition beneath the Azores archipelago. Based on the N2/36Ar ratio we computed for each samples the 15N values of the non-atmospheric nitrogen (15Ndeep). Volatiles emitted from Graciosa and Terceira islands seem to have a common deep nitrogen isotope signature of about -1.5‰ likely resulting from a mixing between lower mantle (15N from 1‰ to 4‰) and upper mantle (15NMORB from -3‰ to -7‰). On the other hand, the 15Ndeep feeding the fumaroles at S. Miguel is close to -5.5‰. Such a 15N-depleted values seem to indicate a probable nitrogen origin from a deep source derived from the recycling of ancient oceanic plate into the upper mantle (MORB). rather than from the recycling of terrigenous sediments transported on top of the descending plate that should have lead to 15N-enrichments. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5272 Titolo: Relationship between soil CO2 flux and volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: Implications for magma dynamics<br/><br/>Autori: Cannata, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Giudice, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Montalto, P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Alparone, .; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Di Grazia, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Favara, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Gresta, S.; Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Universita` di Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95129 Catania, Italy; Liuzzo, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia<br/><br/>Abstract: Large variations of the CO2 flux through the soil were observed between November 2002 and January 2006 at Mt. Etna volcano. In many cases, the CO2 flux was strongly influenced by changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure. A new filtering method was then developed to remove the atmospheric influences on soil CO2 flux and, at the same time, to highlight the variations strictly related to volcanic activity. Successively, the CO2 corrected data were quantitatively compared with the spectral amplitude of the volcanic tremor by cross correlation function, cross-wavelet spectrum and wavelet coherence. These analyses suggested that the soil CO2 flux variations preceded those of volcanic tremor by about 50 days. Given that volcanic tremor is linked to the shallow (a few kilometer) magma dynamics and soil CO2 flux related to the deeper (*12 km b.s.l.) magma dynamics, the “delayed similarity” between the CO2 flux and the volcanic tremor amplitude was used to assess the average speed in the magma uprising into the crust, as about 170–260 m per day. Finally, the large amount of CO2 released before the onset of the 2004–2005 eruption indicated a deep ingression of new magma, which might have triggered such an eruption. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5221 Titolo: Volcanic signature of volatile trace elements on atmospheric deposition at Mt. Etna, Italy<br/><br/>Autori: Calabrese, S.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Floor, G.H.; University of Girona, Spain; D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Parello, F.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Aiuppa, A.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Roman-Ross, G.; University of Girona, Spain<br/><br/>Curatori: Podosek, F.A.; Washington University<br/><br/>Abstract: Volcanic volatiles and aerosol emitted into the atmosphere ultimately fall on the Earth’s surface as wet or dry deposition, and they can influence the environment and the ecosystems at local and regional scales. Therefore, atmospheric deposition plays a key-role in the geochemical cycles, redistributing volcanogenic elements to the ground. For this reason, estimating the volcanogenic trace element fluxes from the atmosphere to the surface is necessary for a better knowledge of the environmental impact of the volcanic emissions. Nevertheless, from a literature review, we have recognized the scarcity of investigation on trace element deposition in the surroundings of active volcanoes. Here, we present a chemical characterization of bulk deposition around Mt. Etna, Italy, including both major and many trace elements. Bulk depositions were collected approximately fortnightly, from April 2006 to December 2007, using a network of five rain gauges, located at various altitudes on the upper flanks around the summit craters of the volcano. For most elements highest concentrations have been found close to the emission vent, confirming the prevailing volcanic contribution to rainwater composition close to the summit craters. Comparison with contemporaneously collected plume emissions shows that deposition processes produce no evident element-to-element fractionation. By contrast, comparison with whole rock composition indicates a contrasting behaviour between volatile elements, which are highly-enriched in rainwater, and refractory elements, which have low rainwater/whole rock concentration ratios.Chemical concentrations in bulk deposition were used to estimate the deposition rates of a large suite of elements. Deposition rates for volatile trace elements like Se, As, and Cd range from 1.7, 1.2 and 0.9 µg m-2 day-1 nearby to the summit vents, to 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 µg m-2 day-1 at the local background site on the upwind western sector. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5220 Titolo: Geochemical comparison of natural and anthropogenic metal fluxes in extreme environments: Mt. Etna volcano (Italy) and Salek Valley (Slovenia)<br/><br/>Autori: Calabrese, S.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; Veder, M.; ERICo Velenje, Environmental Research & Industrial Cooperation Institute, Slovenia; Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Speh, N.; ERICo Velenje, Environmental Research & Industrial Cooperation Institute, Slovenia; Justin, B.; ERICo Velenje, Environmental Research & Industrial Cooperation Institute, Slovenia; Parello, F.; Università di Palermo, Dipartimento CFTA; D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia<br/><br/>Curatori: Sajn, R.; Geological Survey of Slovenia; Zibret, G.; Geological Survey of Slovenia; Alijagic, J.; Geological Survey of Slovenia<br/><br/>Abstract: Geochemical comparison between some metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, V, Zn) emissions from an active volcano (Mt. Etna) and a highly industrialized area (Salek Valley) showed some interesting similarities: in general, most of the elements emitted into the atmosphere do not return to the Earth's surface and are therefore dispersed into the environment. Exceptions for Salek Valley are Cd, which probably derives in large part from rock leaching, and in part As and Pb, which fall mostly as ash. Also, Etna's emissions are richer in Cd and Cu, whereas industrial emissions at Salek Valley are richer in V and Zn. All other metals have similar fluxes in the two types of emissions. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/5114 Titolo: Rainwater-induced leaching of selenium, arsenic and vanadium from Etnean volcanic soils<br/><br/>Autori: Floor, G.H.; University of Girona, Spain; Calabrese, S.; Dip. CFTA, Università di Palermo; Roman-Ross, G.; University of Girona, Spain; D'Alessandro, W.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; Aiuppa, A.; Dip. CFTA, Università di Palermo<br/><br/>Abstract: Active volcanoes emit considerable amounts ofcontaminants such as As, Se and V. Mount Etna is the biggestvolcano of Europe and an excellent geochemical site to studywater-soil processes. Due to its volcanic activity, the rainwaterhas a strong compositional gradient, both in time and space.At present, the behaviour of trace elements in the soils aroundMt Etna is poorly understood. To determine the influence ofthe rainwater pH on the potential mobilization of geogenicpollutants, batch experiments have been performed withsynthetic rainwater for 25 soils collected along the flanks ofthe volcano. Our results show that:i) The maximum concentrations in the leaching solutions arehigher for acid rain than for neutral rain (e.g. 7.7 vs 1.3mg/L for Se).ii) With neutral rain conditions the soils upwind from thevolcano have higher concentrations of Se than thosedownwind (up to 1.3 mg/L compared to ≤0.3 mg/L forthe other samples). This trend is less clear for As and V.iii) For soils collected from 2 to 10 km downwind of thecraters, Se concentrations in acid rain leachates decreaseone order of magnitude with increasing distance. Asimilar pattern is also observed upwind from thevolcano. For As and V no clear relationship betweenconcentrations and location with respect to the volcaniccraters is observed.Both i) and ii) result in a low pH dependence for samplesupwind from the volcano. The biggest difference between acidand neutral leaching for As and V is observed for a sample 2km downwind from the craters. The observed patterns areinfluenced by potential controlling factors, such as organicmatter content, total concentrations, mineralogy, influence ofthe volcanic plume, etc. Our results have implications for thechemical composition of the Etnean aquifer, the only waterresource to the one million inhabitants around Mt Etna, as wellas for the bioavailability and potential toxicity throughagricultural activities, essential to the local economy.