http://hdl.handle.net/2122/211 2013-05-18T22:35:31Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8708 Title: Remote Sensing and Geodetic Measurements for Volcanic Slope Monitoring: Surface Variations Measured at Northern Flank of La Fossa Cone (Vulcano Island, Italy) Authors: Pesci, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Teza, G.; Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Padova; Casula, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Fabris, M.; Dipartimento di Architetture Urbanistica e Rilevamento, Università di Padova; Bonforte, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia Abstract: Abstract: Results of recent monitoring activities on potentially unstable areas of the NW volcano flank of La Fossa cone (Vulcano Island, Italy) are shown here. They are obtained by integration of data by aerial photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and GPS taken in the 1996–2011 time span. A comparison between multi-temporal models built from remote sensing data (photogrammetry and TLS) highlights areas characterized by ~7–10 cm/y positive differences (i.e., elevation increase) in the upper crown of the slope. The GPS measurements confirm these results. Areas characterized by negative differences, related to both mass collapses or small surface lowering, also exist. The higher differences, positive and negative, are always observed in zones affected by higher fumarolic activity. In the 2010–2012 time span, ground motions in the northern part of the crater rim, immediately above the upper part of observed area, are also observed. The results show different trends for both vertical and horizontal displacements of points distributed along the rim, with a magnitude of some centimeters, thus revealing a complex kinematics. A slope stability analysis shows that the safety factors estimated from these data do not OPEN ACCESS Remote Sens. 2013, 5 2239 indicate evidence of possible imminent failures. Nevertheless, new time series are needed to detect possible changes with the time of the stability conditions, and the monitoring has to go on. 2013-05-12T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8706 Title: DEFORMATION OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS INFERRED BY TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING METHODOLOGY: THE CANTALOVO CHURCH CASE STUDY (NORTHERN ITALY) Authors: Bonali, E.; DAPT, Università di Bologna; Pesci, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Casula, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Boschi, E.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna Abstract: The study of the health of a building connects humanistic and scientific research, and a complete characterization can be achieved by integrating all the available historical documentation, architectural and metrological studies, as well as laboratory and in situ analyses of the materials. A contactless, non-invasive surveying technique such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) allows the acquisition of dense and accurate geometric and radiometric (electromagnetic measurements such as signal intensity) information about the observed surface of the building, which can be easily integrated with data provided by high-resolution digital imaging. The early Christian Cantalovo church was surveyed for the first time in April 2011, by means of the ILRIS-3D ER very long range scanner. The second and last survey was performed in June 2012, after the main shocks of the Emilia earthquake seismic sequence. A very long range instrument is suitable for fast, simple and independent measurements, due to its technical characteristics and, for this reason, is easily usable for accurate surveying in emergency conditions. The main results are obtained by applying a data analysis strategy based on the creation of TLS-based morphological maps computed as point-to-primitive differences, which allow the creation of a deformation map and its evolution in time. 2013-03-12T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8657 Title: Geodetic Problems of an Expanding Globe - Simple Critical Arguments Authors: Scalera, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia Editors: Scalera, Giancarlo; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia; Boschi, Enzo; University of Bologna; Cwojdzinski, Stefan; Polish Geological Survey Abstract: Because unequivocal evidence exist in favor of the expansion of the globe through geologic time, and if the expansion of our planetary body is ongoing today and not confined to the past or episodic in time, some subtle causes must consequently exist of the inability of Geodesy in revealing a plausible expansion rate. Old critical arguments around the possibility of a vicious circle in the geodetic theoretical methods (Blinov, 1987; Scalera, 2003) has revealed their inadequacy in respect of the geometry of space geodesy. On the bases of an old argument (Scalera, 2003), it has been then developed a new more realistic one, in which it is demonstrated that spurious effects can probably bias what is believed to be systematic-error-free data. It is argued that Geodesy still has to full develop a theoretical treatment of an expanding globe 2012-11-30T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8652 Title: A Multidisciplinary Study of the DPRK Nuclear Tests Authors: Carluccio, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Giuntini, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Materni, V.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Chiappini, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Bignami, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; D'Ajello Caracciolo, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Pignatelli, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia; Stramondo, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Console, R.; Chiappini, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia Abstract: The Democratic People Republic of Korea announced two underground nuclear tests carried out in their territory respectively on October 9th, 2006 and May 25th, 2009. The scarce information on the precise location and the size of those explosions has stimulated various kinds of studies,mostly based on seismological observations, by several national agencies concerned with theNuclear Test Ban Treaty verification.Weanalysed the available seismological data collected through a global high-quality network for the two tests. After picking up the arrival times at the various stations, a standard location program has been applied to the observed data. If we use all the available data for each single event, due to the different magnitude and different number of available stations, the locations appear quite different. On the contrary, if we use only the common stations, they happen to be only few km apart from each other and within their respective error ellipses. A more accurate relative location has been carried out by the application of algorithms such as double difference joint hypocenter determination (DDJHD) and waveform alignment. The epicentral distance between the two events obtained by these methods is 2 km, with the 2006 event shifted to the ESE with respect to that of 2009. We then used a dataset of VHR TerraSAR-X satellite images to detect possible surface effects of the underground tests. This is the first ever case where these highly performing SAR data have been used to such aim. We applied InSAR processing technique to fully exploit the capabilities of SAR data to measure very short displacements over large areas. Two interferograms have been computed, one co-event and one post-event, to remove possible residual topographic signals. A clear displacement pattern has been highlighted over a mountainous area within the investigated region, measuring a maximum displacement of about 45 mm overall the relief. Hypothesizing that the 2009 nuclear test had been carried out close to the area where the displacement has been observed through the DInSAR technique, its relation with the epicenter location obtained through seismological processing has been discussed as a possible alternative hypothesis with respect to the preferred solutions reported by the nuclear explosion database (NEDB). The distance of about 10 km between the two places can be considered acceptable in light of the possible systematic location shifts commonly observed in the seismological practice over a global scale. The difference between the mb magnitudes of the two tests could reflect differences in geological conditions of the two test sites, even if the yield of the two explosions had been the same. 2012-12-28T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8552 Title: Coseismic deformation and source modeling of the May 2012 Emilia (Northern Italy) earthquakes Authors: Pezzo, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Merryman Boncori, J. P.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Tolomei, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Salvi, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Atzori, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Antonioli, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Trasatti, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Novali, F.; Tele-Rilevamento Europa - T.R.E. srl; Serpelloni, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Candela, L.; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Unità Osservazione della Terra; Giuliani, R.; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Ufficio Rischio Sismico Abstract: On May 20th, 2012, an ML 5.9 earthquake (Table 1) occurred near the town of Finale Emilia, in the Central Po Plain, Northern Italy (Figure 1). The mainshock caused 7 casualties and the collapse of several historical buildings and industrial sheds. The earthquake sequence continued with diminishing aftershock magnitudes until May 29th, when an ML 5.8 earthquake occurred near the town of Mirandola, ~12 km WSW of the mainshock (Scognamiglio et al., 2012). This second mainshock started a new aftershock sequence in this area, and increased structural damage and collapses, causing 19 more casualties and increasing to 15.000 the number of evacuees. Shortly after the first mainshock, the Department of Civil Protection (DPC) activated the Italian Space Agency (ASI), which provided post-seismic SAR Interferometry data coverage with all 4 COSMO-SkyMed SAR satellites. Within the next two weeks, several SAR Interferometry (InSAR) image pairs were processed by the INGV-SIGRIS system (Salvi et al., 2012), to generate displacement maps and preliminary source models for the emergency management. These results included continuous GPS site displacement data, from private and public sources, located in and around the epicentral area. In this paper we present the results of the geodetic data modeling, identifying two main fault planes for the Emilia seismic sequence and computing the corresponding slip distributions. We discuss the implication of this seismic sequence on the activity of the frontal part of the Northern Apennine accretionary wedge by comparing the co-seismic data with the long term (geological) and present day (GPS) velocity fields. 2012-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8550 Title: New kinematic constraints of the western Doruneh fault, north-eastern Iran, from interseismic deformation analysis Authors: Pezzo, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Tolomei, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Atzori, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Salvi, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Shabanian, E.; CEREGE - AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE; Bellier, O.; CEREGE - AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE; Farbod, Y.; CEREGE - AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE Abstract: We used the SBAS DInSAR analysis technique to estimate the interseismic deformation along the western part of the Doruneh fault system (DFS), northeastern Iran. We processed 90 ENVISAT images from four different frames from ascending and descending orbits. Three of the ground velocity maps show a significant interseismic signal. Using a simple dislocation approach we model 2-D velocity profiles concerning three InSAR data set relative to the western part of the DFS, obtaining a good fit to the observations. The resulting model indicates that a slip rate of ∼5mmyr−1 accumulates on the fault below 10 km depth, and that in its western sector the Doruneh fault is not purely strike-slip (left-lateral) as in its central part, but shows a significant thrust component. Based on published geological observations, and assuming that all interseismic deformation is recovered with a single event, we can estimate a characteristic recurrence interval between 630 and 1400 yr. 2012-05-20T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8529 Title: Metodo basato sulla tecnologia laser scanning per la misura delle deformazioni indotte negli edifici dai sismi o altri eventi distruttivi Authors: Pesci, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Bonali, E.; Dipartimento di Architettura e Pianificazione Territoriale - Università di Bologna; Teza, G.; Dipartimento di Geoscienze - Università di Padova; Casula, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Boschi, E.; Dipartimento di Fisica - Università di Bologna Editors: Zandonai, Fabiana; Museo Civico di Rovereto - Segreteria Scientifica Abstract: Il monitoraggio di edifici danneggiati in un'area colpita da un terremoto richiede l'uso di tecniche di osservazione e misura in grado di fornire dati molto rapidamente, in particolare in condizioni di emergenza. Tecniche di telerilevamento quali il laser scanner terrestre (TLS) sono in grado di soddisfare tali requisiti perché consentono di ottenere nuvole di punti molto dense in tempo relativamente breve, a loro volta utilizzabili per generare modelli geometrici dettagliati e precisi degli edifici osservati. L'esecuzione di una sessione di misura in condizioni di emergenza è generalmente caratterizzata da forti vincoli sulle possibili posizioni dello strumento utilizzato; ciò comporta che la distanza di acquisizione e l'angolo di incidenza del fascio laser potrebbero essere molto lontani dalle condizioni ottimali per alcune parti, anche molto estese, dell'edificio studiato. Per tali motivi, una corretta interpretazione di dati richiede una serie di esperimenti e di simulazioni numeriche finalizzate ad una realistica quantificazione del rumore di osservazione, registrazione e modellazione, con enfasi sul riconoscimento e sulla riduzione dei corrispondenti artefatti, ossia errori sistematici legati all'uso del TLS in condizioni non ottimali. E' pertanto qui proposta una strategia operativa basata sulla generazione iterativa di mappe morfologiche quali differente tra nuvola di punti e una o più corrispondenti primitive. Si tratta di un metodo di facile uso per il monitoraggio di precisione in condizioni di emergenza. Al fine di metterne in evidenza la validità, sono mostrati i risultati principali (mappe di deformazione) ottenuti dall'applicazione del metodo ad alcuni edifici compiti dal recente terremoto dell'Emilia Romagna. 2012-12-13T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8515 Title: Vent temperature trends at the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field: the role of permeability Authors: Harris, A.; Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal; Alparone, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Bonforte, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Dehn, J.; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Gambino, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Lodato, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Spampinato, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia Abstract: Between 1994 and 2010, we completed 16 thermal surveys of Vulcano’s Fossa fumarole field (Aeolian Islands, Italy). In each survey, between 400 and 1,200 vent temperatures were collected using a thermal infrared thermometer from distances of ∼1 m. The results show a general decrease in average vent temperature during 1994–2003, with the average for the entire field falling from ∼220°C in 1994 to ∼150°C by 2003. However, between 2004 and 2010, we witnessed heating, with the average increasing to ∼190°C by 2010. Alongside these annual-scale field-wide trends, we record a spatial re-organisation of the fumarole field, characterised by shut down of vent zones towards the crater floor, matched by rejuvenation of zones located towards the crater rim. Heating may be expected to be associated with deflation because increased amounts of vaporisation will remove volume from the hydrothermal system Gambino and Guglielmino (J Geophys Res 113: B07402, 2008). However, over the 2004–2010 heating period, no ground deformation was observed. Instead, the number of seismic events increased from a typical rate of 37 events per month during 1994–2000 to 195 events per month during 2004–2010. As part of this increase, we noticed a much greater number of high-frequency events associated with rock fracturing. We thus suggest that the heating event of 2004–2010 was the result of changed permeability conditions, rather than change in the heat supply from the deeper magmatic source. Within this scenario, cooling causes shut down of lower sectors and re-establishment of pathways located towards the crater rim, causing fracturing, increased seismicity and heat flow in these regions. This is consistent with the zone of rejuvenation (which lies towards and at the rim) being the most favourable location for fracturing given the stress field of the Fossa cone Schöpa et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 203:133–145, 2011); it is also the most established zone, having been active at least since the early twentieth century. Our data show the value of deploying multi-disciplinary geophysical campaigns at degassing (fumarolic) hydrothermal systems. This allows more complete and constrained understanding of the true heat loss dynamics of the system. In the case study presented here, it allows us to distinguish true heating from apparent heating phases. While the former are triggered from the bottom-up, i.e. they are driven by increases in heat supply from the magmatic source, the latter are triggered from the top-down, i.e. by changing permeability conditions in the uppermost portion of the system to allow more efficient heat flow over zones predisposed to fracturing. 2011-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8514 Title: A multidisciplinary study of an active fault crossing urban areas: The Trecastagni Fault at Mt. Etna (Italy) Authors: Bonforte, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Carnazzo, A.; Provincia Regionale di Catania; Gambino, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Guglielmino, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; Obrizzo, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia; Puglisi, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia Abstract: The Trecastagni Fault is a NNW–SSE tectonic structure in the densely inhabited southern flank of Mt. Etna, characterised by evident morphological scarps and movements of normal and right-lateral type that directly affect roads and buildings. The fault is affected by continuous dynamics with intermittent accelerations accompanied with shallow seismicity. It has an important role in the instability affecting Mt. Etna's south-eastern flank and represents part of the southern boundary of the unstable sector. The motion of the fault between 2005 and 2011 has been analysed by using a multi-disciplinary approach involving terrestrial and satellite ground deformation data. Active monitoring systems able to investigate the fault in detail are extensometers, a levelling network and InSAR. Two episodes of acceleration were recorded at the end of 2009 and during 2010. Data evidences that the acceleration episodes affected only portions of the fault and that stress may accumulate and be periodically released. Although bothmagmatic processes (inflation or intrusive episodes) and flank dynamics influence the occurrence of the TF acceleration episodes, the dragging effect of the overall seaward sliding of the south-eastern flank is evident and it causes the subsidence of the hangingwall, accumulating stress on the fault that is periodically seismically released. 2012-12-31T23:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2122/8508 Title: Red GPS Topo-Iberia: Resultados Preliminares obtenidos en el Centro de Análisis de la UJA Authors: Gil, A. J.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; de Lacy, M. C.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; Ruiz, A. M.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; Armenteros, J. A.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; Adan, R.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; Aviles, A.; Dpto. Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría. Universidad de Jaén. España; Riguzzi, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia; Devoti, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione CNT, Roma, Italia Abstract: The project “Geociencias en Iberia: Estudios integrados de topografía y evolución 4D: Topo-Iberia” (Ref.CSD2006- 00041) is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Its objective is to understand the interactions in the Iberian Peninsula (SW Europe) between deep, shallow and atmospheric processes, through a multidisciplinary approach linking Geology, Geophysics and Geodesy. As part of this project a network of 26 continuous GPS stations, covering the Spanish part of the Iberian Peninsula (22 stations) and Morocco (4 stations) has been established. The major objective behind the establishment of this array is to monitor millimetre level deformation of the crust due to Nubia and Eurasian tectonic plates. More specific goals of the project include the identification of the areas and/or specific seismic faults which exhibit higher deformation rates, which could imply an increased seismic hazard in these specific areas. In December 2008, the network installation was completed and all the stations were fully operational. Data analysis is performed at three different analysis centres: Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (ROA), University of Barcelona (UB) and University of Jaen (UJA). Different approaches to processing GPS data by using different software are being carried out. The first coordinate time series and the velocity field computed so far at UJA analysis centre are presented 2012-06-24T22:00:00Z