D'Ecclesiis, G.

The Niella spring is located on north Mount Sirino slope. The spring aquifer is characterized by the presence of localized fissures in carbonatic rock. The spring is the highest of the aquifer end is placed at half slope. Flinty limestone outcrops along the whole slope; the spring area is characterized by debris outcrops. Spring water comes out in these conditions for described tectonic influence on aquifer permeability. Geological-structural conditions end the effects on groundwater flow are described.

Torbido Spring is located at the foot of Mount Sirino (Basilicata, Italy). From the bottom upwards the geological formations include: Flinty Limestones with high secondary permeability, forming the spring aquifer; Siliceous Schists consisting of radiolarites and multicoloured jaspers; and Galestrino Flysch, formed of argillites and marls. The Spring is singular in that the artesian waters from the limestones which are at a depth of 80 m here, come to the surface because of the marked fissuring of the Siliceous Schists. The headworks consist of a system of unpumped wells. The groundwaters are intercepted before they leak away in the detrital surface cover and before they lose their hydrostatic head (more than 4 bar above ground level). The maximum discharge which can be abstracted and handled by the wellfield and appurtenant works is around 300 l/s. This permits peak demand to be met without any waste of resources and guarantees the annual hydrologic balance between recharge and discharge. These objectives are attained by continuous monitoring of the significant hydrogeological and hydraulic parameters.

A regional study has provided a preliminary outline of the resurgence characteristics of the most important springs in the Basilicata Region. The major aquifers occur in mainly carbonate formations, generally stratigraphic-structural units deriving from the Campanian-Lucanian Platform or the Lagonero Basin. The aquicludes and local impervious plugs are of a limited variety; in most cases they consist of complex flysch formations of an essentially clayey-marly nature. Within the context of the sample of springs examined, the commonest causes of resurgence are permeability thresholds, followed by the outcropping of the piezometric surface or given permeability limits. After having classified the resurgences on the basis of the structural and lithological characteristics of the parent aquifers, the regime of the Apennine carbonate springs was reviewed and their potential was ascertained, as was the variability of flows over the observation period.

The study Area lies on the border between Calabria and Lucania, close by the carbonate massifs of the Lauria Mountains. Like these, it is characterized by outcrops of carbonate rocks belonging to units forming part of the Campanian-Lucanian Platform. Three groups of springs located on the NW and SE sides of the carbonate massifs have been investigated. The study was conducted by means of geological and structural ground surveys accompanied by hydrogeological measurements on the springs and existing boreholes. The detailed knowledge thus acquired was then interpreted within the context of information available on the Calabrian-Lucanian Apennines. The average potential of the aquifer was determined, together with the principal methods of water flow therein, emphasis being placed on the role played by the individual groups of springs. In particular, the way fracturing influences water flow was ascertained, the hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer being quantified. The effect of karstification associated with the activity of the old Pleistocene lakes of Mercure and Noce was also established.

This work deals with the results obtained from geomorphological and hydrological investigation conducted in order to point out the complex geomorphological evolution related to a large part of the Castronuovo S. Andrea (Pz) territory, to identify the landslide typology of two different mass movements under investigation, as well as the influence caused by the rainfall. The landslide under study occurred on two opposite slopes of the low valley of torrent Mastro Ciardi, characterized by the same stratigraphic-structural, hydrogeological and geotechnical environment. The first slope e can be ascribed to a displacement of a first detachment, while the other one brat least 700io can be referred to a rimobilization phenomenon; both landslides, to a variable extent, have been influenced by tectonic joints following two different directions: NE - SW and WNW - ESE. As far as the last 40 years are concerned, the morphological evolution of the areas under study has been obtained resorting to analyses, even comparative, of aerial photos at different generation; the relationship between rainfall and landslide has been identified in an empirical way through special models.

In the course of time the ancient Agrigento - a superb Greek city - and later urban settlements have been expanding unti1 these days over a vast area - the one described in this study. This is un area of extreme archeological interest which is characterized by the presence of a regressive type of Pliopleistocenic succession, essentially consisting of clay, sand and calcarenite. From below upwards, one can distinguish a basement from the Miocene and Pliocene epoch followed, in transgressionm by the Trubi Formation and, further up, by the Mt. Narbone and Agrigento formations. Closing the lithostratigraphic succession, the terraced marine deposits of the Sicilian and Thyrrenian, and current debris, alluvial and coastal deposits can be observed. In the San Leone river valley, a series of morphostructural evidences suggest that here geomorphologic dynamics is very likely controlled by ~Canberry and Valley building~ type phenomena due to complete erosion of the calcarenite plaque. Among the most outstanding evidences are: a marked westward and eastward rotation of the structural axes, on the right and left side of the torrent respectively, the presence of remoulded clay stripes and levels, also at considerable depth, and sub-horizontal discontinuities. The calcarenites are marked by a thick mesh of cracks made more pronounced by erosion and dissolution processes. Eventually, this kind of dynamics results into the separation and i subsequent detachment and collapse of calcarenite blocks from the top of the huge plaque upon which the Greek city's famous Temples were built. Some remarkable mass movements that occurred during this last century should be viewed in the light of the complex dynamics just described. Especially important are three landslides: two of them inside the area of today's Agrigento, in 1944 and 1966 respectively, and one that occurred in 1976 along the eastem side of the Hill of Temples. The 1976 slide was caused by a remobilization that followed heavy rainfall: this conclusion was reached at the end of un empirical hydrological-statistica1 study based upon un origina1 method [15]. Daily cumulated rains (1 to. 180 days) were studied to cover the whole century, and this approach enables the recurrence interval of each rainfall event associated to the three investigated landslides to be determined. The results of the hydrological-statistica1 analysis were fully confirmed in the case of the 1976 slide, where it was found that rains are the main causative agent: these results were obtained by means of the physical and hydrological characterization of the soils in the landslide body and some simple calculations concerning the flow of infiltration water.

The acquifers in the Maratea Mountains constitute a major water resource for the area between the Maratea Valley and the lower reaches of the Noce. The Study Area is characterized by the presence of carbonate deposits, forming part of the Monte Bulgheria-Verbicaro and Albuno-Cervati Units which originated on the Campania-Lucania Platform, and by a clayey-marly flysch succession belonging to the Liguride Unit. Recent tectonics have profoundly altered the normal tectonic superposition relationships between these units. In fact in the late overthrust area, there is par- tial décollement of the Bulgheria-Verbicaro Unit from the substratum formed by the Alburno-Cervati Unit and the partial superpositioning of the former on ther Liguride Unit. On the basis of these structural characteristics, two hydrogeological units have been distinguished. One of these, which feeds the main springs in the area, is characterized by a well-defined lower permeability limit corresponding to an overthrust contact. The other, which feeds important subaerial springs, has no well-defined lower permeability limit (acquiclude); along its eastern edge, this aquifer is drained by the alluvials of the lower reaches of the Noce, while along its southern edge its waters flow directly into the sea. The analysis has been conducted at a gradually increasing scale, the hydrogeological data being interpreted not least with a view to improving understanding of the area’s complex geomorphology the evolution of which is strongly influenced by the presence of the aquifers dealt with here. In a limited area around the main springs in Maratea Valley a detailed reconstruction has been made of aquifer geometry and of spring-emergence conditions. The ensuing picture is in keeping with the reconstruction of the complex relationships. that exist among the various stratigraphic-structural units present and with the computer analysis of the hydrological data.

Carbonate rocks outcrop in the area of Maratea mountains. They belong to the Bulgheria-Verbicaro and Alburno-Cervati Units and exhibit heavy fracturing and occasional karstification. The structural setting depends on the overthrusting of the carbonate rocks of the Bulgheria-Verbicaro Unit on a clayey-marly complex made up of the plastic soils of the Liguride Unit. The intrinsic vulnerability of the area at large was assessed by means of a parametric point-and-weight system, whereas the SINTACS method was applied on a higher scale to assess a sample area located on the western side, along the valley of Maratea Fiumicello where a number of springs and instability phenomena are reported. Hence, the area is highly vulnerable. All the more, the urban and suburban area of Maratea because of the high residential development in the vicinity of springs. Severe problems of slope instability have repeatedly damaged the water supply and sewage system, thereby affecting the quality and the quantity of readily available groundwater resources and contributing to the degradation of the built-up area as a result of the impact on slope stability and construction works in place.

This paper contributes to geological and stratigraphical knowledge of a part of Southern Appennines: the study area is the Coccovello Mount (1505 m), near Campania-Basilicata regional border. The Coccovello Mount by a monoclinalic structure of Creataceous carbonatic rocks ( 1000 m thick) is characterized. With bio and chronostratigraphic results we are able to ascribe this carbonatic succession to Hauterivian-Coniacian age

Parruta Spring (220 m asl) lies at the foot of the eastern slopes of Serra Murazze. The area is characterized by the overthrusting of the Verbicaro Unit on the Liguide Unit (Chaps 1 and 2, Fig. 1). Widespread tectonization,relief energy and structural attitude initiated deep gravity deformation and lateral spreading of the slopes, followed by roto-translational slides and flows (Chaps 2 anbd 3, Figs 2 and 3). Immediately upstream of the spring there are broken carbonate-rock masses resulting from lateral spreading (Chap 3, Fig. 3). These fractured rocks overlie blackish siliceous marls and argillites which are capped by a 10-m thick level of cataclastic limestone sands (Fig. 4). Deformation of the top of the argillaceous formation created basins that favour groundwater flow towards Parrutta Spring. Above these depressions the waters are fresher and colder and the hydrogeological characteristics of the wells are better (Chap. 4, Figs 2.5 and 6). The investigations confirm the working hypotheses adopted. Interpretation of the salinity and temperature logs, in particular, indicates that such investigations are particularly significant in hydrogeological environments of this type.