Scalera, Giancarlo

From Earth Sciences and geoneutrino experiments Borexino and KamLAND come clues on a role of the aether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, and of all the structures of the universe. Through the problem of the storage of the aether arriving into the heavenly bodies, hydrodynamic explanation of gravitation is found closely related to the concept of the expanding Earth. Variable radius paleogeography allows a rough evaluation of the amount of ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the time unity, and the statement of some inferences on the Earth’s inner energy balance. With the help of astrophysics the aether’s density, flow rate, and velocity are computed. The origin of the cosmological redshift and the gravitational redshift is unified to the cause of gravitation, with a concept similar, but not coincident, with that of tired light, considered very plausible by cosmologists such as Edwin Hubble and Fritz Zwicky. A superluminal aether’s speed at the Earth’s surface is found. INFN experiments confirm hydrodynamic gravitation and superluminal velocities, and it is possible to highlight an interrelations of aether parameters with the actually known cosmological parameters H0, G, c. The unification of the hydrodynamic gravitation and the expansion of the heavenly bodies, through the existence of a little dissipative force – a non- Newtonian concept – is linked to a revision of the theories of physics and cosmology, in which the actually accepted physics laws are only good approximations of a more complex reality.

The last century was dominated by the creation of scientific theories: the newborn Relativistic, Quantum and Cosmological Theories are proper examples. The Earth Sciences followed this trend by proposing the principles of Plate tectonics. On the contrary, the concept of the Expanding Earth was not developed as a commonly accepted paradigm, but was an open field of original investigations, interpretations, and results. This innovative attitude is evident in the di erent interpretations of the Pacific and Indian oceans paleogeographical evolution; in the cosmological or incidental motor of expansion (still to be identified); in the different estimates of the Earth’s radial expansion. This is a positive sign of vitality: we cannot crystallize these ideas in a few postulates from which we may deduce all the answers, and to which we may constrain all data. The Expanding Planet scheme provides a common explanation of several complex and debated issues relating to Paleontology, Paleomagnetism, Geology and Climatology. The Workshop, through oral and poster contributions, will cover a wide range of issues in a field that, although supported by compelling evidence, is still in search of a definite and commonly accepted cause for the expansion. Our final goal is to explore the Expanding Earth concept from di erent scientific perspectives. Some important new entries come from Physics and these can suitably be linked to clues derived from Paleogeography, Paleontology, Life Evolution, Climatology, ... etc. It is perhaps of particular significance that these progresses in Physics, towards a material physical space, will be presented at the Ettore Majorana Centre, considering that the uncle and mentor of Ettore Majorana was Quirino Majorana, a physicist who performed several experiments with a view to revealing the material essence of gravity. A group of non-expansionist researchers in the fields of Geodesy, Oceanography and Seismology, have accepted our invitation to deliver lectures to our community to clarify the limits and show up the new ways that expansionists should consider while building their new interpretations. The Poster session is going to be full of high quality presentations and also of papers by outstanding scientists in absentia, who will not be able to come to Erice. The Workshop should be a forum for sharing ideas and for promoting the convergence of aims, but also given that we are the so-called heretics in Geosciences the birthplace of new and original ideas, possibly destined to become the accepted conceptions in the future. Acknowledgements. The Directors of the Workshop, Stefan Cwojdzi´nski and Giancarlo Scalera, wish to heartily thank Prof. Antonino Zichichi and Prof. Enzo Boschi for their great far-sightedness in accepting and making possible the realization of this Conference at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture. They have been confident of a project whose success was not guaranteed in advance. The followers of the expansion tectonics are just a few today and do not have a central and o cial position in academic institutions, but are animated by the inner certainty of being on the right track. This Workshop represents a further encouragement to continue our work on the several di erent aspects of the Expanding Earth concept. The General Director of INGV, Tullio Pepe and the Head of the Cultural Services Fabio Florindo have greatly facilitated the administrative aspects of the event. The organization of the Earth Expansion Evidence meeting would not have been possible without the invaluable collaboration of Silvia Nardi who sometimes with firm hand has assumed the role of vice-directors , and without the important contribution of all the sta of the EMFCSC, supervised by Mrs. Fiorella Ruggiu. We thanks Barbara Angioni, Daniela Riposati, Luigi Innocenzi , Stefano Bucci, Davide Di Luigi, and Alessandro Bannoni, who have kindly and creatively collaborated to the colourful graphics and aesthetic look of the Erices Meeting.

The expanding Earth view is adopted and palaeogeographical reconstructions are performed adopting a variable radius. In a formerly performed Triassic reconstruction at radius of 3300 km, a new paleoposition of India was found with western margin of India in contact with Antarctica – coasts of Cooperation sea –, India being in northern hemisphere. Then, a check has been performed about the plausibility of the existence of the alleged supercontinent called Rodinia. The results have been that palaeopoles of 750 Ma age indicate continuity of the northern position of India and of its neighbouring fragments, and that all the continents continue to reside in the same mutual position they are today.

Because unequivocal evidence exist in favor of the expansion of the globe through geologic time, and if the expansion of our planetary body is ongoing today and not confined to the past or episodic in time, some subtle causes must consequently exist of the inability of Geodesy in revealing a plausible expansion rate. Old critical arguments around the possibility of a vicious circle in the geodetic theoretical methods (Blinov, 1987; Scalera, 2003) has revealed their inadequacy in respect of the geometry of space geodesy. On the bases of an old argument (Scalera, 2003), it has been then developed a new more realistic one, in which it is demonstrated that spurious effects can probably bias what is believed to be systematic-error-free data. It is argued that Geodesy still has to full develop a theoretical treatment of an expanding globe

Starting from considerations about the unexpected inhomogeneous ‘filamentous’ distribution of the deep hypocentres on the Italian, Mediterranean and global Wadati-Benioff zones, a new global tectonics framework involving non-collisional orogenic processes – and deriving from global expansion, rifting, isostasy, surfaceward flow of deep material, gravitational spreading, and mantle phase changes – is proposed. The associated model of evolution of an orogen can be linked to the volume increase of an isostatically uprising mantle column which segments slowly overcome a solidus-solidus boundary of the temperature-pressure phase diagram.

This article is written in honor of my mentor Franco Selleri who has helped to consolidate my awareness of the existence of a medium subtended to ordinary matter, and from which everything comes. From my field, the Earth Sciences, come clues converging on an important role of the ether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, as well as all the structures of the universe. Paleogeographic reconstructions allow a rough quantitative evaluation of the amount of new ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the unity of time, and the consequent statement of some co-smological consequences and on the inner energy balance of the Earth. The concept of central flow of ether defended here is different from the Loren-tian stationary ether, but the two concepts could be made compatible.

The analysis of different clues indicating a variation of the local gravity (g) through geological time is performed. The examined data come from Astrogeodesy (PM and TPW), Paleogeography, Tidal torques, J2 variation, and paleogravity data from Geology. It is shown that a joint reasoning about all these data can constrain the possible variation rate of G, g and M (Earth’s mass). The result is that, albeit in the past great theoretical and experimental efforts were made in proposing and searching for G time-decreasing, a major role could be played by an increase of M. The present analysis converges toward an upper limit of the Earth’s mass variation in the order of magnitude of (dM/dt)/M = 10 exp(−9)/yr.

Riassunto: Si vuole qui mettere in evidenza gli effetti che la scelta della proiezione cartografica ha nel risultato finale delle ricostruzioni paleogeografiche su raggio minore dell'attuale che si eseguono seguendo lo schema della Terra in espansione. Si propone la ricerca di una trasformazione più aderente alla evoluzione geologica estensionale dei continenti, fornendone un primo semplice esempio.

The 37th Workshop of the International School of Geophysics held on 4-9 October 2011 in Erice (Sicily, Italy), was a long awaited occasion which allowed to gather the small scientific community of expansionists. Aims, results, discussions and varia umanità of this important event are presented thereafter.