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Giammanco, Salvatore
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Giammanco, Salvatore
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salvatore.giammanco@ingv.it
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- PublicationRestrictedParoxysmal summit activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) monitored through continuous soil radon measurements(2005-08-24)
; ; ; ; ; ;Alparone, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Behncke, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Privitera, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ; ; Soil radon emissions have been proved as a useful tool for predicting earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and furthermore aided in determining the location of active faults. Continuous radon monitoring was carried out near Southeast Crater of Mt. Etna in September–November 1998, during a period of frequent eruptive episodes at that crater. Radon anomalies were detected when eruptive episodes and the accompanying volcanic tremor became increasingly intense: no anomalies in radon activity were observed during the first five, and weaker, eruptive episodes, whereas significant spikes in radon activity preceded the latter five episodes by ≥46 hours. This probably reflects increased gas leakage through fractures intersecting the shallow plumbing system, as gas pressure in the Southeast Crater conduit became higher with time. Radon monitoring thus might serve to better understand eruptive mechanisms and possible precursors, making further studies in this field a promising perspective.176 81 - PublicationRestrictedActive faults on the eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy) monitored through soil radon measurements(European Geosciences Union, 2012-04)
; ; ; ; ; ;Neri, Marco; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, Salvatore; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Ferrera, Elisabetta; Università degli Studi di Catania, Dip. Scienze della Terra ;Patanè, Giuseppe; Università degli Studi di Catania, Dip. Scienze della Terra ;Zanon, Vittorio; Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos - Universidade dos Açores; ; ; ; This study concerns measurements of radon and thoron emissions from soil carried out in 2004 on the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna, in a zone characterized by the presence of numerous seismogenic and aseismic faults. The statistical treatment of the geochemical data allowed recognizing anomaly thresholds for both parameters and producing distribution maps that highlighted a significant spatial correlation between soil gas anomalies and tectonic lineaments. In particular, the highest anomalies were found at the intersection between WNW-ESE and NW-SE -running faults. The seismic activity occurring in and around the study area during 2004 was analyzed, producing maps of hypocentral depth and released seismic energy. These maps revealed a progressive deepening of hypocenters from NW to SE, with the exception of a narrow zone in the central part of the area, with a roughly WNW-ESE direction. Also, the highest values of seismic energy were released during events in the southern and northwestern sectors of the area. Both radon and thoron anomalies were located in areas affected by relatively deep (5-10 km depth) seismic activity, while less evident correlation was found between soil gas anomalies and the released seismic energy. This study confirms that mapping the distribution of radon and thoron in soil gas can reveal hidden faults buried by recent soil cover or faults that are not clearly visible at the surface. The correlation between soil gas data and earthquake depth and intensity can give some hints on the source of gas and/or on fault dynamics. Lastly, an important spin-off of this study is the recognition of some areas where radon activity was so high (>50000 Bq/m3) that it may represent a potential hazard to the local population. In fact, radon is the leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke for long exposures and, due to its molecular weight, it accumulates in underground rooms or in low ground, particularly where air circulation is low or absent. In the investigated area this risk is real, as it is inhabited by thousands of people who reside there all year long. Therefore, this study serves as a starting point for the assessment of radon hazard in the Mt. Etna area, considering both spatial and temporal changes in soil radon emissions depending on the presence of faults and/or the occurrence of seismic activity.189 14 - PublicationOpen AccessAborted eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy) in spring 2007 unveiled by an integrated study of gas emission and volcanic tremor(Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2012-04-22)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Falsaperla, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Behncke, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Langer, H.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Pecora, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Salerno, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; In spring 2007, a sequence of paroxysmal episodes took place at the Southeast Crater of Mt. Etna, Italy. Eruptive activity, characterised by Strombolian explosions, lava fountains, emission of lava flows and tephra, were all associated with an outstanding increase in the amplitude of volcanic tremor. In periods of quiescence between the eruptive episodes, recurring phases of seismic unrest were observed in forms of small temporary enhancements of the volcanic tremor amplitude, even though none of them culminated in eruptive activity. Here, we present the results of an integrated geophysical and geochemical data analysis encompassing records of volcanic tremor, thermal data, plume SO2 flux and radon over two months.We conclude that between February and April 2007, magma triggered repeated episodes of gas pulses and rock fracturing, but failed to reach the surface. Our multidisciplinary study allowed us to unveil these ‘aborted’ eruptions by investigating the long-temporal evolution of gas measurements along with seismic radiation. Short-term changes were additionally highlighted using a method of pattern classification based on Kohonen Maps and Fuzzy Clustering applied to volcanic tremor and radon data.329 79 - PublicationOpen AccessInstallazione di una sonda tipo “barasol” a Dagala (Etna) per la misura continua del flusso di radon dal suolo (13 Ottobre 2006)(2006)
; ; ; ; ; ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Baubron, J. C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Burton, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Condarelli, D.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ;; L’Unità Funzionale Vulcanologia e Geochimica della Sezione di Catania dell’INGV sta sviluppando una nuova tecnologia che permette il monitoraggio in continuo del Radon, un gas che cambia la sua concentrazione in dipendenza del flusso di gas dal suolo. Visto che il tasso di emissione di radon dal suolo è dipendente dalla dinamica sia del magma che delle faglie, si tratta di un parametro che ha una forte potenzialità per la sorveglianza dei vulcani. Per tale motivo l’INGV, nell’ambito della Convenzione 2004-2005 con il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, ha finanziato un progetto mirato proprio allo sviluppo tecnologico e scientifico di questo tipo di ricerca (progetto V3_6/28 – Etna, coordinatori S. Gresta e P. Papale, resp. M. Neri), la cui prima fase è iniziata il 1° giugno 2005. Questa iniziale fase di lavoro si è concretizzata con l’installazione di una prima sonda tipo “barasol” per la misura continua dell’attività di radon nel suolo presso Torre del Filosofo. Una seconda sonda, acquistata con fondi della Sezione Roma 1 dell’INGV (resp. F. Quattrocchi), è stata installata nei pressi del piano di faglia della Pernicana (quota ~1500 m s.l.m.). Una terza sonda, acquistata con fondi della Sezione Catania dell’INGV, è stata installata nei pressi di Dagala. La presente nota descrive quest’ultima installazione.179 158 - PublicationRestrictedPossible role of fluid overpressure in the generation of earthquake swarms in active tectonic areas: The case of the Peloritani Mts. (Sicily, Italy)(2008)
; ; ; ; ; ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Palano, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Scaltrito, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Scarfì, L.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Sortino, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; ; The Peloritani Mts. (NE Sicily) are characterized by frequent seismicity. Between 1994 and 2006 more than 1000 earthquakes (1.0≤ML≤3.3) occurred, mostly as highly clustered swarms located at shallow depth near the villages of Castroreale and Rodì Milici (western part of Peloritani Mts.). The same area is also characterized by some geothermal springs and gas vents. Using a multidisciplinary approach, data were collected on the tectonic setting, seismicity pattern and geochemical characteristics of fluid emissions, with the aim of understanding the process of earthquake swarm generation beneath the investigated area. Most of the gases emitted in the study area, in terms of focused and/or diffuse gas emissions often associated with thermal fluids, is of mantle origin, as shown by their He isotopes ratio. On approaching the surface, deep gases interact strongly with local aquifers. An estimate of both the surface efflux of mantle-derived gases measured in focused emissions and of the P–T conditions of fluids in the local crust point to a pressurised gas source that would be located at depth of 7–12 km, corresponding to the range of hypocentral depths of seismic swarms. The complex network of tectonic structures in the area would act as high-permeability pathways for the migration of sub-crustal fluids towards the surface. This scenario could be compatible with a close interplay between pressurised mantle fluids at depth, nucleation of earthquakes due to higher-thanhydrostatic pore pressure and release of mantle-derived gases at the surface. This sequence would be repeated in time, thus producing the observed cycles in the local seismic activity.294 36 - PublicationOpen AccessTRACE ELEMENTS IN HIGH INCIDENCE AREAS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A ROLE OF VOLCANOGENIC ASHES?(Springer Nature, 2022-12-03)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Objective: To study the blood levels of selected trace elements (TE) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients living in high-incidence cluster areas in the Etna volcano region. Methods: MS patients living in the province of Catania have been retrospectively enrolled among those followed by the Neurologic Clinic of the AOU Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco” who had the disease onset between 2005 and 2020.Aserumsample was used for the determination of TE levels (As,Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn). All the analyses have been conducted with an ICPMS with the standard addition technique, previous digestion of the samples with nitric acid. MS patients living the high incidence clusters were frequency matched with MS patients living outside the clusters. Comparisons of TE across the groups were conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 86 (48 women; 55.8%) MS patients was recruited, with a mean age of 41.6±13.1 years, a mean disease duration of 2.0±2.6 years and a mean Expanded Disability Status Scale of 2.3±1.7. Of these patients, 40 belonged to high incidence clusters and 46 were outside the clusters. No differences were found in demographic characteristics between the groups. Concerning TE, we found a significant higher concentration of Mn in incluster patients (6.7±16.6 μg/L vs 2.5±5.9 μg/L). Discussion: Several environmental factors may modulate the pathogenesis of the disease, and among them TE play an important role. Our findings suggest that Manganese, which has several toxic effects, might contribute to the higher incidence of MS previously observed in a cluster of communalities in the south-eastern flank of the Etna volcano, where volcanic ashes rich in TE usually fall due to the prevailing winds. Conclusions: Exposition to high levels of Mn could be a cofactor in the pathogenesis of MS.169 355 - PublicationOpen AccessMessaggistica SMS al servizio delle reti FLAME(2009-12-18)
; ; ; ; ; ;Randazzo, D.A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Murè, F.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Salerno, G.G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Caltabiano, T.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ; ; 137 98 - PublicationRestrictedTemporal variability of major and trace elements concentrations in the groundwaters of Mt. Etna (Italy): effects of transient input of magmatic fluids highlighted by means of Cluster Analysis.(2007-12)
; ; ; ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Ottaviani, M.; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma ;Veschetti, E.; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma; ; Data for major, minor and trace elements in groundwaters from Mt. Etna volcano collected in 1994, 1995 and 1997 were analysed using Cluster Analysis (CA). Two groups of sampling sites were identified (named clusters A and B), mainly on the basis of their different salinity and content of dissolved CO2. The highest levels of both of these parameters were observed in the sites of cluster A, located in the lower south-western and central eastern flanks of the volcano. For both of the statistical groups, CA was repeated taking into account the mean values of each parameter in time, and the results allowed us to recognize four distinct groups of parameters for each group of sites on the basis of their temporal patterns. Four different types of temporal patterns were recognised: concave, convex, increasing, decreasing. The observed changes were basically interpreted as a result of the different response of dissolved chemical elements to changes in the aqueous environment and/or in their solubility/mobility in water due to different rates of input of magmatic gases to Etna’s aquifers. The main changes occurred in 1995, when Etna’s volcanic activity resumed after a two-year period of rest. The temporal changes of the majority of the studied parameters (water temperature, water conductivity, Eh, pH, Al, Mg, B, Ca, Cl-, Hg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Se, Si, Sr, Cr Zn and pCO2) were not cluster-dependent, therefore they were not apparently affected by differences in water salinity between the two groups of sampling sites. A limited number of parameters (Ti, K, Li, HCO3-, As, Fe, SO42-, Cu and V), however, showed different behaviours depending on the cluster of sites which they belonged to, thus suggesting their apparent dependency on water salinity.228 19 - PublicationOpen Access"Failed” eruptions revealed by integrated analysis of gas emission and volcanic tremor data at Mt. Etna, (Italy)(Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2013-12-09)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Salerno, G. G; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Falsaperla, S. M. R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Behncke, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Langer, H. K.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Pecora, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Biale, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; ; Mt Etna in Sicily is among the most intensely monitored and studied volcanoes on Earth due to its very frequent activity, and its location in a densely populated area. Through a sophisticated monitoring system run by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE), scientists are gaining every day and in real time a picture of the state of volcanic activity of Etna. During the spring of 2007, various episodes of paroxysmal activity occurred at the South-East Crater, one of the four summit craters of Mt Etna. These episodes were always associated with a sharp increase in the amplitude of the volcanic tremor as well as changes in the spectral characteristics of this signal. Eruptive activity ranged from strong Strombolian explosions to lava fountains coupled with copious emission of lava flows and tephra. During inter-eruptive periods, recurrent seismic unrest episodes were observed in form of both temporary enhancements of the volcanic tremor amplitude as well as changes of spectral characteristics. These changes often triggered the automatic alert systems in the operation room of the INGV-OE, even though not being followed by manifest eruptive activity at the surface. The influence of man-made or meteorologically induced noise could be ruled out as a cause for the alarms. We therefore performed a multiparametric analysis of these inter-eruptive periods by integrating seismic volcanic tremor, in-soil radon, plume SO2 flux and thermal data, discussing the potential volcano-dependent source of these episodes. Short-term changes were investigated applying pattern classification, in particular Kohonen Maps and fuzzy clustering, simultaneously on volcanic tremor, radon and ambient parameters (pressure and temperature). The well established SO2 flux and thermal radiation data were used as the “smoking gun”, for certifying that the observed changes in seismic and in radon data can be considered as volcanogenic. Our results unveil ‘failed’ eruptions between February and April 2007 that are explained as ascending magma batches, which triggered repeated episodes of gas pulses and rock fracturing, but that failed to reach the surface.228 86 - PublicationOpen AccessA multidisciplinary study on gas emission and volcanic tremor characteristics of Mt. Etna(2011-12-05)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Behncke, B.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Falsaperla, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Giammanco, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Langer, H.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Neri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Pecora, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia ;Salerno, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Catania, Catania, Italia; ; ; ; ; ; A multidisciplinary study on gas emission and volcanic tremor characteristics of Mt. Etna B. Behncke, S. Falsaperla, S. Giammanco, H. Langer, M. Neri, E. Pecora, G. Salerno Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania, Osservatorio Etneo,P.zza Roma 2, 95125, Catania, Italy The 2008-2009 eruption of Mt. Etna was heralded by episodes of paroxysmal summit activity, with strong Strombolian activity and spectacular lava fountains and flows, starting from spring 2007. In this study, we present analyses of a three-month period (from February to April, 2007) which led to the first paroxysm. In doing so, we merge volcanic tremor data and gas measurements of SO2 and Radon. This multidisciplinary study allows characterizing a stage during which the volcano feeder was affected by fluid recharge, producing to repeated episodes of temporary increases in volcanic tremor amplitude, without any visible phenomenon at the surface. We investigate on these spurious changes in tremor characteristics and their relationship to gas emission. Ruling out other exogenous sources, we hypothesize that certain changes represented aborted eruptions, where the magma failed to reach the surface.225 114