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Camarda, Marco
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Camarda, Marco
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marco.camarda@ingv.it
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staff
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14032928200
38 results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 38
- PublicationRestrictedEvaluation of carbon isotope fractionation of soil CO2 under an advective–diffusive regimen: A tool for computing the isotopic composition of unfractionated deep source(2007-06-15)
; ; ; ; ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Favara, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; ; A physical model based on the advective–diffusion theory was developed in order to describe the mixing between a deep gas source and the atmosphere. The model was used to predict the isotopic fractionation of carbon in soil CO2. Gas samples were collected at different depths in areas characterized by different geological settings and CO2 fluxes. The relative theoretical and experimental isotopic profiles were compared and a good agreement was found. These profiles show how the isotopic composition of CO2 changes through the upper few decimeters of soil and how the amount of the isotopic fractionation is strongly influenced by soil CO2 flux. Finally, the model was used to derive the carbon isotopic composition of unfractioned deep CO2 source for all the investigated sites365 40 - PublicationRestrictedDissolved Carbon in Groundwater versus Gas Emissions from the Soil: The Two Sides of the Same Coin(2017)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; This study focuses on the interaction among deep volcanic/hydrothermal gases, groundwater and soil gases at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). The chemical-physical parameters of the groundwater, the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and the isotopic composition of the CO2 dissolved in groundwater are reported and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between soil gases and groundwater indicates that groundwater and soil gases show the same qualitative information, giving a good overall picture of the main degassing zones of a volcanic system, whereas the soil gas discharge provides an evaluation of the mass released by the deep feeding system. This approach can be a useful tool both to characterize mixing and/or interaction processes among different sources and for a monitoring of degassing activity of a volcanic system.875 13 - PublicationOpen AccessIn situ determination of carbon isotopologues of CO2 emitted by soils(2015-09-03)
; ; ; ;Di Martino, R. M. R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Capasso, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; The stable carbon isotopes of CO2 provide constraints about the sources and the fluxes between different carbon reservoirs and sinks such as the atmosphere, the biosphere, the carbon dioxide of deep origin, and the oceans. From a volcanological standpoint, the amount of CO2 emitted by soils during unrests equals or exceeds the carbon dioxide released from the craters of the volcanoes. Among the techniques of volcano surveillance, the stable isotope composition of carbon of the CO2 emitted from the ground is a proxy for magmatic activity. Since decades, the carbon isotope composition has been analyzed in the laboratory by mass spectrometer on the gas samples collected in field. Since a few years ago, the development of new optical class of isotope analyzer based on the infrared laser allowed to determine in situ the isotope composition of the atmospheric CO2. This study focuses on the measurement in situ of δ13C of the CO2 emitted by soils and shows the results of the tests carried out in the laboratory and in field. A special gas sampling method has been fine tuned to collect the gas at a constant flux rate from a depth of 50 cm in the soils, and to identify the isotopologues of the CO2. The method has been tested in the laboratory and in field with a Delta RayTM Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer of the ThermoFisher Scientific, field-able to analyze the δ13C and δ18O of CO2. The gases were collected by a pumping system, and addressed online to the analyzer through a precision valve. This tailor-made device was added to the standard equipment of the instrument in order to adjust the gas flow in input to the analyzer. In this way, the CO2 concentration in the cell fulfills the concentration range of the analyzer (200 - 3500 ppm vol) in spite of the CO2 concentration in the ground gases. The spatial survey of carbon isotopologues of CO2 emitted by soils were performed at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) on a sampling grid that consists of 20 measurement points on a 2.2 km2 area at the base of the La Fossa cone. The measurement of the soil CO2 flux was also performed in the same sampling grid according to the dynamic concentration method. The results indicate that the sampling system allows the measurement of δ13C in the ground gases with CO2 concentration in the range from < 1000 ppm vol to 100% vol. During the spatial survey we measured δ13C of CO2 values in the range -22‰ (organic source) to 0‰, that represents the signature of deep source of CO2 at Vulcano. Furthermore, the measurement of the δ13C allowed to differentiate the sources (volcanic, biogenic, atmospheric) involved in the CO2 emissions from the soils, and identify two areas of degassing with isotopic signature of deep origin at Faraglione and Grotta dei Palizzi. Furthermore, the results of the extensive investigation of both the spatial distribution of the carbon isotopologues and the CO2 flux from soils allowed to assess the budget of CO2 of deep origin emitted from the degassing areas.105 95 - PublicationOpen AccessRelationship between soil CO2 flux and tectonic structures in SW Sicily(2020)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The identification and characterization of seismogenic structures in southwestern Sicily is an open debate both for the geological-structural complexity of this sector and the scarce seismicity as well. In addition, clear morphological evidence of tectonic structures is limited. Besides the geophysical methods, the study of the spatial distribution of soil CO2 flux is a valid methodology to investigate the position and geometry of buried active faults. Indeed, active tectonic structures are channels with high permeability through which deep fluids can migrate toward the atmosphere. Therefore, the alignment of high degassing areas can reveal the presence of preferential ways of rising fluids (i.e. faults). We applied this methodology in SW Sicily in the surrounding of the area hit by the 1968 seismic sequence and in three other areas where evidence of active deformation has been recognized. Furthermore, to investigate the origin of emitted fluids, we measured the carbon isotopic composition of the soil CO2 in some high emission sites. The results showed high spatial variability of soil CO2 fluxes with values ranging from 1 to 430 g m−2d−1. The areal patterns of soil CO2 fluxes in all the areas reveal a strong influence of the main tectonic structures and active deformations on soil CO2 emissions. The range of isotopic data and the distribution of soil CO2 fluxes suggest a supply of deep fluids through the active tectonic structures.922 81 - PublicationRestrictedDeep CO2 release revealed by stable isotope and diffuse degassing surveys at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) in 2015–2018(2020)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The partitioning of carbon dioxide (CO2) released by soils at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was performed by combining the CO2 flux and the carbon isotope measurements. Based on this method, the amount of CO2 of volcanic origin was quantified six times during the period 2015–2018. The data analysis allowed us to establish the correlation between CO2 soil degassing and changes in the contribution of volcanic fluids. Carbon isotope determinations were performed in situ to enhance the coverage of data collection in space and time. These data were combined with both the CO2 contents in the ground gases and the soil CO2 flux. The amount of volcanic CO2 was distinguished from that of biogenic origin by implementing a three-component mixing model. The results of this study indicate that the increase in CO2 output in September 2018 reflects the increase in volcanic gas emissions. The measurement method and analysis presented in this work are sufficiently general to be applicable to the monitoring programs of active volcanoes.909 8 - PublicationRestrictedSpatial domain analysis of carbon dioxide from soils on Vulcano Island: Implications for CO2 output evaluation(2016-09-28)
; ; ; ;Di Martino, R. M. R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Capasso, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; The carbon dioxide emissions of volcanoes have been targeted as effective contributors of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, different sources can be effective and active at the same time in the generation and release of CO2 in volcanic zones. Since isotopic fingerprinting of CO2 allows the precise identification of different sources, coupling carbon isotope and CO2 flux measurements enables the evaluation of the mass contribution of each source to the carbon dioxide emissions. This paper accounts for the first extensive spatial analysis of coupled measurements of carbon isotopologues of CO2 in the soil gases and CO2 fluxes discharged by soils on Vulcano Island. An innovative method has been designed, tested and fine-tuned in the laboratory to measure δ13C(CO2) values directly in field using a new type of laser-based isotopologues analyzer, namely a DeltaRay™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The method can be used to determine the carbon isotope composition across the full range of CO2 concentrations in the soil gases (0 – 100 vol%). These data have been combined with measurements of the CO2 contents in the soil gases to distinguish CO2 from deep origins from CO2 of biogenic origin in the inhabited area of Vulcano Porto. The method of evaluating the amount of deep-origin CO2 in the soil gases is widely applicable in volcanic and geothermal zones for evaluation and monitoring purposes for both gas and volcanic hazards.866 35 - PublicationRestrictedMagma-ascent processes during 2005–2009 at Mt Etna inferred by soil CO2 emissions in peripheral areas of the volcano(2012-11)
; ; ; ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gurrieri, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia; ; In this paper, we report four years of soil CO2 emission data measured monthly at 130 sites in two peripheral areas of Mt Etna Volcano that are well known for their high discharge rates of volcanic gas. We remove the influence of atmospheric parameters, and by means of statistical analyses, we (i) demonstrate that variations in CO2 emissions are due mainly to CO2 of a deep origin and (ii) quantify the total amounts of CO2 derived from a deep magma source. Periods of anomalous deep degassing are identified in both areas. A comparison of the timing of these anomalies and geophysical data indicates that the periods of anomalous degassing can be mostly ascribed to intrusions of fresh magma into the Etna plumbing system, which is in agreement with many previous works. Based on the existing literature, we formulate an interpretative framework of magma migration within the plumbing system, consistent with temporal trends in the observed anomalies. Finally, we reconstruct the processes of recent magma ascent at Mt Etna based on our interpretative framework, published geophysical data, and records of volcanic activity.466 32 - PublicationOpen AccessA novel infrastructure for the continuous monitoring of soil CO2 emissions: a case study at the alto Tiberina near fault observatory in Italy(2023)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Static and dynamic stress, along with earthquakes, can trigger the emission and migration of crustal fluids, as frequently observed on the surface and within the upper crust of tectonically active areas such as the northern Apennines of Italy. To investigate the origin of these fluids and their interconnection with the seismogenic process, we complemented The Alto Tiberina Near Fault Observatory (TABOO-NFO), a multidisciplinary monitoring infrastructure composed of a dense array of seismic, geodetic, strain, and radon sensors, with a proper geochemical network grounded on four soil CO2 flux monitoring stations and weather sensors, placed near the main vents of the superficial manifestations. The TABOO-NFO is a state-of-the-art monitoring infrastructure, which allows for studying various geophysical parameters connected to the deformation processes active along a crustal fault system dominated by the Alto Tiberina fault (ATF), which is a 60 km long normal fault dipping at a low angle (<15°–20°). The region is favourable for conducting geochemical studies, as it is characterised by the presence of over-pressurised fluids trapped at certain depths and superficial manifestations associated with the emission of large quantities of fluids. After describing the theoretical framework and the technological aspects based on which we developed the geochemical monitoring network, we described the data recorded in the first months. Over the studied period, the results showed that soil CO2 flux was primarily influenced by environmental parameters, and that the selected sites received a regular supply of deep-origin CO2.290 26 - PublicationRestrictedThe structure of a hydrothermal system from an integrated geochemical, geophysical, and geological approach: The Ischia Island case study(2011-07)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Di Napoli, R.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;Martorana, R.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;Orsi, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Aiuppa, A.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;Camarda, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;De Gregorio, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Gagliano Candela, E.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Palermo, Italia ;Luzio, D.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;Messina, N.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;Pecoraino, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Bitetto, M.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo ;De Vita, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia ;Valenza, M.; Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The complexity of volcano-hosted hydrothermal systems is such that thorough characterization requires extensive and interdisciplinary work. We use here an integrated multidisciplinary approach, combining geological investigations with hydrogeochemical and soil degassing prospecting, and resistivity surveys, to provide a comprehensive characterization of the shallow structure of the southwestern Ischia's hydrothermal system. We show that the investigated area is characterized by a structural setting that, although very complex, can be schematized in three sectors, namely, the extra caldera sector (ECS), caldera floor sector (CFS), and resurgent caldera sector (RCS). This contrasted structural setting governs fluid circulation. Geochemical prospecting shows, in fact, that the caldera floor sector, a structural and topographic low, is the area where CO2-rich (>40 cm3/l) hydrothermally mature (log Mg/Na ratios < −3) waters, of prevalently meteoric origin (δ18O < −5.5‰), preferentially flow and accumulate. This pervasive hydrothermal circulation within the caldera floor sector, being also the source of significant CO2 soil degassing (>150 g m−2 d−1), is clearly captured by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys as a highly conductive (resistivity < 3 Ω·m) layer from depths of ~100 m, and therefore within the Mount Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) formation. Our observations indicate, instead, that less-thermalized fluids prevail in the extra caldera and resurgent caldera sectors, where highly conductive seawater-like (total dissolved solid, TDS > 10,000 mg/l) and poorly conductive meteoric-derived (TDS < 4,000 mg/l) waters are observed, respectively. We finally integrate our observations to build a general model for fluid circulation in the shallowest (<0.5 km) part of Ischia's hydrothermal system.657 104 - PublicationOpen AccessContinuous monitoring of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy)(2021)
; ; ; ; ; The geochemistry of volcanic gases has been fruitfully applied to identify important changes in the volcanic activity. This study reviews the dataset of the volcanic gas survey performed during 2009 and 2010 at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands – Italy). Dry gas collection occurred discontinuously at the crater fumaroles for subsequent chemical and isotopic (δ13C-CO2) analyses in the laboratory. A tailor-made device enabled continuous survey of H2 molar fraction and CO2 flux on the same site. Evaluation of the raw data was performed in accordance with air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction dataset. Both MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analyses allowed filtering the dataset from the environmental effects. The MLR analysis indicated that wind speed and air temperature affected the CO2 flux. Changes in the atmospheric pressure promoted pumping effect of the fumarole gas and caused changes in the H2 molar fraction. The power spectral analysis revealed daily cycles in both gases. A digital signal filtering procedure enabled minimizing the environmental effects. This study confirmed that gas emissions from the crater fumaroles have both chemical ad isotopic composition similar to the magmatic gas phase. The results of the continuous survey showed that changes of both H2 and CO2 correlated with changes of the volcanic activity. Therefore, H2 and CO2 resulted effective tracers of the dynamics involving the plumbing system of Stromboli. Identification of changes in the gas emissions at open conduit volcanoes offers a great advance over the ground gas survey. The results of the continuous survey at Stromboli showed that H2 could apply as an auxiliary parameter of the CO2 flux in the surveillance programs of active volcanoes.791 272